Smoking habit among teenagers free essay sample

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter will discuss the research design, Research Respondents, Locale of the study, Research Instrument, Data gathering Procedure and Statistical data. RESEARCH DESIGN The researchers used the descriptive method in this study in order to discus and determine the causes and reasons of adolescence smoking habit, particularly in the students of PATTS College of Aeronautics. RESEARCH RESPONDENTS 50 Bachelor of Science in Aircraft maintenance Technology students in PATTS College of Aeronautics were purposively surveyed as respondent of the study to give necessary data and information. LOCALE OF THE STUDY The study was conducted in PATTS College of Aeronautics, Bachelor of Science in Aircraft Maintenance Technology Section 1B as the selected respondent for the distribution of the questionnaires. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The instruments used by the researcher to this study were in form of survey questionnaire. The questionnaire is composed of the basic information of the respondents and the cause and effect of the selected topic EFFECTS OF SMOKING HABITS TO 2nd YR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY-1B DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE The survey questionnaires will be distributed to all the students and they will be given enough time to accomplish it. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking habit among teenagers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The data will be personally retrieved to ensure 100% retrieval. Analysis follows. Data Analysis Procedure STATISTICAL STATEMENT P= f/n x 100% This formula used to get percentage Where: n= population f= frequency P= percentage CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STATUS CONCEPT OF THE RESEARCHER The concept of the researcher is to determine the cause and effect of the cigarette smoking to the students in PATTS College of Aeronautics. FOREIGN LITERATURE FOREIGN STUDY According to the Taiwanese researchers had further identified the reason why tobacco causes lung cancer and other smoking-related diseases and was made the cover story of the February issue of the world is leading biomedical journal, The Journal of Clinical Investigation. The study revealed the mechanism of how tobacco-specific carcinogen causes lung tumors. It showed that the key ingredient of tobacco carcinogen, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), would induce the accumulation of a protein, DNA methyltranferase 1 (DNMT1), which inhibits the tumor suppressor genes, and lead to lung cancer. It also showed that the accumulation of DNMT1 in lung cancer patients who smoked continuously correlates with poor recovery. If lung cancer patients quit smoking, after two to four weeks, the level of DNMT1 would decrease and this would greatly increase the life span of the patients. Lung cancer patients who quit smoking outlived those who do not quit by eight-to-ten months. Also, in the future, doctors can extract lung cancer samples and test for the level of DNMT1. Lung cancer patients who have a low level of DNMT1 can avoid going through chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The research article was jointly written by researchers from National Cheng Kung University, National Taiwan Normal University, National Health Research Institute, National Yang-Ming University, China Medical University Hospital and National Taiwan University. LOCAL LITERATURE LOCAL STUDY CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION College is a stage of significant growth and potential but it is also considered to be a time of a great risk. A lot of college students are facing pressures to use alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs and to start sexual relationships, thereby putting themselves at high risk for international injuries and infection from sexual transmitted diseases. According to the World Health Report 1999 a considerable number of deaths would be prevented and tobacco related deaths would be halved if most of the adult smokers quit smoking over the next 20 years. People who begin smoking early have a greater risk of lung cancer compared to those who begin smoking at a later age as a result of the cumulative exposure. Tobacco is known to be the only legal consumer product that can cause harm to every one exposed to it and kills most of who use it as intend. The easiest way to stop the effect of tobacco is to prevent its initiation. The purpose of this study is identify factors contributing to adolescence smoking initiation and the aim of the thesis is to produce an evidence based information that will be published on PATTS College of Aeronautics. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Addiction may be described as continued uncontrollable use of a substance regardless of harmful consequences. Many smokers do not acknowledge that they are addicted to tobacco. Most people they can quit whenever they want to. Many youth are of the opinion that they have a lot of time to work on quitting. The first step in recovery is acknowledging that there is a problem. Addicted smokers experience a strong irresistible or uncontrolled desire to smoke. These irresistible desires to smoke can be aroused by smoking cues, abstinence and stressful situations in the environment. Cigarettes smokers been found to have lower level of lung function compared to non-smokers. The rate of lung growth can also be reduced by smoking. Smoking is known to affect the athletic capabilities of young people. Regular smoking may lead to coughs and worsen respiratory diseases among young people. Smoking causes damage to different parts of the body such as mouth, teeth, skins finger nails, and hair. Tobacco contains elements and compounds such as arsenic, carbon monoxide, nicotine and formaldehyde which may cause wrinkles, discoloration of skin complexion and yellowing of finger nails when they enter the bloodstream. Smoking costs the smokers in many ways and the cost of smoking goes beyond purchasing tobacco products. A smoker spends a considerable amount of money on medical bills, lost wages, higher insurance costs, and spends a lot of money on cosmetics and clothing. Tobacco use compromises the health of both smokers and non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke. Treating of tobacco-related diseases requires a number of medical services, such as hospital stays, physician services, other health practitioners’ services, prescription drugs, home care, and nursing home care. Health care in many advanced countries is catered for by private insurance and socialized health care systems whereas patients in many developing countries pay for medical care costs themselves. (Research for International Tobacco Control 2003, 21. ) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study attempts to answer the following question: What are the profile of the respondents in terms of: Sex; Age; What are the reasons why they are smoking? What are side effects of smoking cigarettes? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of this study is to provide the people with a complete and balanced awareness about the effects of cigarettes smoking on their daily lives. Thus, the results of this study will benefits the students, and the people. This study is significant because it will provide the indispensible facts about the negative effects of cigarettes smoking to their health. PATTS College of Aeronautics will benefit this study, to be aware to the effects of cigarettes smoking to the health. SCOPE AND LIMITATION This study was conducted to determine the effects of cigarettes smoking to the health. The research study was only conducted on PATTS College of Aeronautics particularly on 2nd year Bachelor of Science in Aircraft Maintenance Technology students. DEFINITION OF TERMS Smoking- is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burned and the smoke is tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practised as a route of administration for recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also be done as a part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment. Addiction- is the continued repetition of behaviour despite adverse consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviours. DEDICATION The researcher would like to dedicate his dissertation work to every student out there. The everyday challenges encouraging us to strive harder, making us more tenacious. Without the constant problems the student faces, it would it would not have been possible. They have consistently help keep perspective on the research and focus in reality. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis wouldn’t be possible without the help and support various people who in one way or another have extended their hands and time in making this thesis a success. Therefore, the researcher would like to express his deepest and more gratitude to the following people: To my professor, Ms. Apao, for the lesson and knowledge she has taught them which are valuable to this thesis. To the staff and librarians of PATTS College of Aeronautics for the assistance and help in getting them the right reference for my thesis. To the 2nd year Bachelor in Science of Aircraft Maintenance Technology Students for taking the time to participate and answer to the researcher’s survey which is valuable to my thesis, thank you for your cooperation and patients. To their parents, thank you for your never ending support and encouragement. For the trust, patience, guidance and love. Above all, to god for giving them the wisdom, the strength and knowledge in exploring things; for the guidance and protection bestowed on them during the journey of this thesis and for giving them determination to surpass all trials that they have encountered.

Free Essays on Hard Times

Hard Times There are many issue’s concerning the story Hard Times, but I want to discuss the topic of money, both new and old between the characters in the story. One other topic of discussion would be the role play of the common women in this period of time. I would also like to discuss the irony in this topic, a sort of poetic justice. The tone of the story has a great deal on the whole story. The stories are all based upon the factories and the life style of the people who ran them. On the topic of new money, we have the character Mr. Bounderby in mind. He is the perfect example of the new aged money maker in this story. Mr. Bounderby makes his money off of the factories; the same way most of the people who lived in the town of Coke had made their money. One could also consider Mr. Bounderby to be apart of the high class. He is a very wealthy man compared to most of the people from Coke Town. Mr. Bounderby was also a very well known and respected person in his community. Yet, don’t let his money fool you, because Mr. Bounderby came from the so called, â€Å"gutter†. He was not from a very wealthy family when growing up as a child, but as he got older and wiser; Mr. Bounderby became a hard working citizen and made his money. On the other side of new money is old money. A perfect example of the old money maker would be Mr. Harthouse. Mr. Harthouse works for Mr. Tom Gradgrind who is a retired grosser. Mr. Harthouse would be considered to be apart of the middle class money maker. He is not the real boss of his job and he makes enough money to be well off. Mr. Harthouse is not a huge role player in the community or wealthy and he does not have a part in Parliament or the city counsel, he is only a middle class person. Mr. Gradgrind who is obviously apart of the higher class also has a daughter named Louisa. Louisa was a very beautiful and charming woman in the eyes of Mr. Bounderby and he also decided to marry... Free Essays on Hard Times Free Essays on Hard Times Hard Times There are many issue’s concerning the story Hard Times, but I want to discuss the topic of money, both new and old between the characters in the story. One other topic of discussion would be the role play of the common women in this period of time. I would also like to discuss the irony in this topic, a sort of poetic justice. The tone of the story has a great deal on the whole story. The stories are all based upon the factories and the life style of the people who ran them. On the topic of new money, we have the character Mr. Bounderby in mind. He is the perfect example of the new aged money maker in this story. Mr. Bounderby makes his money off of the factories; the same way most of the people who lived in the town of Coke had made their money. One could also consider Mr. Bounderby to be apart of the high class. He is a very wealthy man compared to most of the people from Coke Town. Mr. Bounderby was also a very well known and respected person in his community. Yet, don’t let his money fool you, because Mr. Bounderby came from the so called, â€Å"gutter†. He was not from a very wealthy family when growing up as a child, but as he got older and wiser; Mr. Bounderby became a hard working citizen and made his money. On the other side of new money is old money. A perfect example of the old money maker would be Mr. Harthouse. Mr. Harthouse works for Mr. Tom Gradgrind who is a retired grosser. Mr. Harthouse would be considered to be apart of the middle class money maker. He is not the real boss of his job and he makes enough money to be well off. Mr. Harthouse is not a huge role player in the community or wealthy and he does not have a part in Parliament or the city counsel, he is only a middle class person. Mr. Gradgrind who is obviously apart of the higher class also has a daughter named Louisa. Louisa was a very beautiful and charming woman in the eyes of Mr. Bounderby and he also decided to marry... Free Essays on Hard Times Hard Times† and Utilitarianism Coketown, as described in ‘Hard Times’ is a construct of a typical industrial town, many of which were sited around the newly founded factories. It may be a fictional location of the industrial age, but it serves Dickens’ purpose of presenting Utilitarianism at work. Many of the details of Coketown are based on truths about industrial towns, but Dickens slightly exaggerates them to focus the readers’ attention on the points he would like to criticize. It was believed that higher industrial output would increase the wealth of the country and therefore be desirable. Because of this Coketown exists solely for its industrial output and provides no comfort for its working class citizens. Everything inside it is extremely practical; no precious resources are wasted beautifying it, as they do not lead to an increase in industrial output. Dickens’ contempt for Utilitarianism is conveyed through the opening description of the town. The colors of the town are black and red – red brick covered in ash from the factories. Even on the surface, Dickens associates Coketown with â€Å"the painted face of a savage† – the implication is that like a â€Å"savage†, industrialization is cruel, barbaric and uncultured. On a deeper level, this image links to the color symbolism that runs through the novel. Dickens associated richness of color to the preservation of life and individuality; neither black, nor white are considered as colors, and hence, Coketown rejects the idea of individuality and identity. It is robbed of it by the Utilitarianism that is manifested in industrialization. The lack of identity is further emphasized by all public inscriptions in the town being written in â€Å"black and white†. The â€Å"inscriptions† – the voice of the town are devoid of any identity. Everything in the town – a river, a canal is of dark color, firstly, because of pollution, secondly, at symbolic level, because ... Free Essays on Hard Times The novel â€Å"Hard Times† written by Charles Dickens is a reflection of the changing ideas established during his time. Dickens’ characters essentially are personifications of changing ideas in psychology and political thought. Each one of his characters represents a different principle and its relationship to the general public. Both Stephen Blackpool and Thomas Gradgrind, Jr. for the most part characterize ideas of significant philosophers around the time of Dickens. Stephen Blackpool represents the abused worker, suffering under capitalism as expressed by Karl Marx. Blackpool symbolizes the oppressed working class of the 19th century in Dickens’ novel Hard Times. He is exposed as a sincere, hard-working weaver employed by the factory proprietor and proclaimed â€Å"self-made man† Josiah Bounderby. Through the course of the plot, Blackpool is found to have suffered many trials in life together with a matrimony to a drunk and the ill-fated love of a woman he cannot wed. He is even unwanted and disliked by his own class because of his denial to join an union with his fellow factory workers due to his belief that the trade union rebel is a fake prophet. In the end he defends the employees against thoughtless words spoken by Bounderby about them, and ends up losing his occupation for that. Blackpool is Marx’s representation of the fraud of the employee by capitalism. Blackpool is the first wounded of the labor cause. He leads from his beginning a miserable life. â€Å"Stephen looked older, but he had had a hard life. It is said that very life has its roses and thorns; there seemed however, to have been a misadventure of mistake in Stephen’s case, where by somebody else had become possessed of his roses, and he had become possessed of the same somebody else’s thorns in addition to his own.† (Hard Times, pg. 60). Stephen has not known any magnificence in his life. His job is all he has, but that is not his obsession. He ... Free Essays on Hard Times Hard Times There are many issue’s concerning the story Hard Times, but I want to discuss the topic of money, both new and old between the characters in the story. One other topic of discussion would be the role play of the common women in this period of time. I would also like to discuss the irony in this topic, a sort of poetic justice. The tone of the story has a great deal on the whole story. The stories are all based upon the factories and the life style of the people who ran them. On the topic of new money, we have the character Mr. Bounderby in mind. He is the perfect example of the new aged money maker in this story. Mr. Bounderby makes his money off of the factories; the same way most of the people who lived in the town of Coke had made their money. One could also consider Mr. Bounderby to be apart of the high class. He is a very wealthy man compared to most of the people from Coke Town. Mr. Bounderby was also a very well known and respected person in his community. Yet, don’t let his money fool you, because Mr. Bounderby came from the so called, â€Å"gutter†. He was not from a very wealthy family when growing up as a child, but as he got older and wiser; Mr. Bounderby became a hard working citizen and made his money. On the other side of new money is old money. A perfect example of the old money maker would be Mr. Harthouse. Mr. Harthouse works for Mr. Tom Gradgrind who is a retired grosser. Mr. Harthouse would be considered to be apart of the middle class money maker. He is not the real boss of his job and he makes enough money to be well off. Mr. Harthouse is not a huge role player in the community or wealthy and he does not have a part in Parliament or the city counsel, he is only a middle class person. Mr. Gradgrind who is obviously apart of the higher class also has a daughter named Louisa. Louisa was a very beautiful and charming woman in the eyes of Mr. Bounderby and he also decided to marry... Free Essays on Hard Times Hard Times There are many issue’s concerning the story Hard Times, but I want to discuss the topic of money, both new and old between the characters in the story. One other topic of discussion would be the role play of the common women in this period of time. I would also like to discuss the irony in this topic, a sort of poetic justice. The tone of the story has a great deal on the whole story. The stories are all based upon the factories and the life style of the people who ran them. On the topic of new money, we have the character Mr. Bounderby in mind. He is the perfect example of the new aged money maker in this story. Mr. Bounderby makes his money off of the factories; the same way most of the people who lived in the town of Coke had made their money. One could also consider Mr. Bounderby to be apart of the high class. He is a very wealthy man compared to most of the people from Coke Town. Mr. Bounderby was also a very well known and respected person in his community. Yet, don’t let his money fool you, because Mr. Bounderby came from the so called, â€Å"gutter†. He was not from a very wealthy family when growing up as a child, but as he got older and wiser; Mr. Bounderby became a hard working citizen and made his money. On the other side of new money is old money. A perfect example of the old money maker would be Mr. Harthouse. Mr. Harthouse works for Mr. Tom Gradgrind who is a retired grosser. Mr. Harthouse would be considered to be apart of the middle class money maker. He is not the real boss of his job and he makes enough money to be well off. Mr. Harthouse is not a huge role player in the community or wealthy and he does not have a part in Parliament or the city counsel, he is only a middle class person. Mr. Gradgrind who is obviously apart of the higher class also has a daughter named Louisa. Louisa was a very beautiful and charming woman in the eyes of Mr. Bounderby and he also decided to marry... Free Essays on Hard Times jcarrin kw1302 â€Å"Hard Times† and Utilitarianism Coketown, as described in ‘Hard Times’ is a construct of a typical industrial town, many of which were sited around the newly founded factories. It may be a fictional location of the industrial age, but it serves Dickens’ purpose of presenting Utilitarianism at work. Many of the details of Coketown are based on truths about industrial towns, but Dickens slightly exaggerates them to focus the readers’ attention on the points he would like to criticize. It was believed that higher industrial output would increase the wealth of the country and therefore be desirable. Because of this Coketown exists solely for its industrial output and provides no comfort for its working class citizens. Everything inside it is extremely practical; no precious resources are wasted beautifying it, as they do not lead to an increase in industrial output. Dickens’ contempt for Utilitarianism is conveyed through the opening description of the town. The colors of the town are black and red – red brick covered in ash from the factories. Even on the surface, Dickens associates Coketown with â€Å"the painted face of a savage† – the implication is that like a â€Å"savage†, industrialization is cruel, barbaric and uncultured. On a deeper level, this image links to the color symbolism that runs through the novel. Dickens associated richness of color to the preservation of life and individuality; neither black, nor white are considered as colors, and hence, Coketown rejects the idea of individuality and identity. It is robbed of it by the Utilitarianism that is manifested in industrialization. The lack of identity is further emphasized by all public inscriptions in the town being written in â€Å"black and white†. The â€Å"inscriptions† – the voice of the town are devoid of any identity. Everything in the town – a river,... Free Essays on Hard Times Hard Times, by Charles Dickens, was a representation of his time. Times were hard for children and adults alike. People who questioned what they were taught, often went through struggles and â€Å"hard times.† Eventually, the people who were looked down were the ones who really helped those in need. Throughout the book, there are many ironic instances. Thomas Gradgrind was a man built on the idea that facts and statistics were the only truth in life and all that was needed to have a healthy and productive life. The only truth to him was his very own vision of the truth. Simple put, Thomas Gradgrind strived for perfection. He strived to be perfect, which is what his philosophy was based on, and he strived to make his children perfect and not to wonder. He raised his children never to wonder, never to doubt facts and to never entertain any vice or fancy. As soon as Gradgrind’s children were old enough to absorb, he was feeding giving more lessons than they could hold. His children were brought up only knowing one way to live and that was the idea that if it is not fact, then it is false. He was emotionaless as were his children because they were brought up only knowing what they were taught by him. Eventually, as Gradgrind’s children became older, what they were taught began to turn sour in their minds. Tom, Grandgrindà ¢â‚¬â„¢s son, ! began to despise his father and all he was taught and thus began to rebel. He took to smoking and gambling, which eventually led to his downfall. Tom had grown up to become a sycophantic, self-absorbed parasite. He had turned out the exact opposite as hoped. Thomas Gradgrind had raised his children never to wonder, but wondering intrigued them. Gradrgind had observed his children peeking into a circus tent because they were curious as to what was inside. The children were scolded for being curious, but seeds were planted into their minds of how there was more to life than what they had been taught. Futher...

Rogerian Argument on The Chinese in all of Us Essay

Rogerian Argument on The Chinese in all of Us - Essay Example He thinks that there is no such thing as multiculturalism, there is only a melting pot and all the cultures go in and a different culture(s) emerges. The theme is relevant to all, as everyone supposedly belongs to some culture or race. If the only constant is change then what is a culture anyway? If certain tradition, style of speaking, food and dress remains specific to a place for a certain amount of time, does it mean it will always stay that way, if this is not true then what happened to the Stone Age culture and hunting with spears made of bone and wood? Shouldn’t we all hold on to our ‘true culture’? Rodriguez is right in his reasoning because he grew up in America, born to a Mexican family. He lived through all of the cultural amalgamation in the US. There are no hard and fast rules to cultures anymore. Probably there is no culture after all, but the culture of change and evolution. Rodriguez is right in arguing that there is no multiculturalism, it is just a haze. He astoundingly explains this to an interviewer who asks him if he considers himself as Hispanic or American, and he replies, Chinese. That is what he grew up with; a little bit of this and a little bit of that. He is born to Mexican parents and goes to an American school (where he’s shown to speak ‘proper’ English) and has Chinese neighbors. The ‘proper’ English even teaches him how to say his own name as the school teacher writes his name on the board and reads it out loud and asks him to follow along, so that the whole class gets familiar with his name and he gets to say his name in a certain accent; the ‘proper’ accent, this is what the culture (or multiculture) is all about. However, certain things remain specific to certain cultures, for instance Asian culture is very different from the Western culture; â€Å"Many Asian cultures have distinct conceptions of individuality that insist on the fundamental relatedness of indiv iduals to each other. The emphasis is on attending to others, fitting in, and harmonious interdependence with them.† (Markus and Kitayama, 1991) But there is something in the world that brings together different cultures, the melting pot. The author frequently uses the term melting pot and prefers it over common culture or multiculture. The term melting pot represents the trend in culture in a better way. The author has introduced two different views about the ‘melting pot theory’, one is positive while the other has some negativity attached to it. The author says that the melting pot has changes people. When someone goes into it, their identity is lost. An African will not remain African after the melting pot treatment. The loss of identity or separation from the origin is what he refers to as something which he doesn’t look forward to. He accepts it only because of its inevitability. The inevitable side of the ‘identity loss’ makes sense. Thi s world belongs to everyone; it would be ridiculous to think that certain race will remain in a certain piece of land for all eternity; an impossibility. They will eventually travel to some other part of this world. And when they live with the other ‘cultures’ they will take some part of it and will give some of theirs; â€Å"Even while America changes the immigrants, the immigrants are changing us† (Rodriguez) The other way Rodriguez sees the melting pot is somewhat of a miracle pot. A person goes in it and comes out as something different. The pot has magical powers, but he question is; does it bring people closer or pushes them away? Clearly it brings them closer at the cost of the so called ‘identity’. The only thing wrong with this approach is when people are forced to adapt to certain norms. They have their own culture and lifestyle, why would the dominant culture suppress it

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 218

Essay Example In addition to this, the book offers the guidance that is helpful to the students involved in academic writing for the purposes of the summary of the ideas and facts in a book (Gerald, Birkenstein, and Russel, 117). An academic writer will in this instance be able to sharpen his or her ideas. Bright ideas will make him or her learn the ways that can enable him or her express him or herself before others by using the original ideas from his or her mind. As a result, the academic writer, in this case, will develop a paper that is free from plagiarism (Gerald, Birkenstein, and Russel, 128). Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein consider academic writing as a recent research that outlines the processes used in writing through use of short chapters and understandable languages. In this way, the authors argue that academic writing will publish quality materials through use of these elements (Gerald, Birkenstein, and Russel, 145) Since the implementation of the Manitoba’s education policies in the Canadian education system, performance of the science and math’s related subjects has the worst record that also still continues to deteriorate as time continues to elapse (Behiels, 69). The results take place despite Manitoba spending on each K-12 student than any province in the country apart from Alberta (Levin, 74). Even the average student today can’t handle these subjects as was before since the introduction of the policies in the curriculum of the Canadian education. In this instance, the education authorities in the country exercised the mediocrity of the highest order in implementing the Manitoba education policies (Behiels, 87). The reason for this explanation of their level of mediocrity is that they implemented the policies without evaluating their impacts on the children. In addition to this, the officials also seem that received some bribery to ensure the implementation of the wro ng education policies in the system of Canadian education. As a result, it

Ignou solved assignment 2014 Essay Example for Free

Ignou solved assignment 2014 Essay Describe the evolutionary process of organization design and different perspectives of organization design and their relevance. Q. Explain the meaning and purpose of Job design and briefly discuss the impact technology has on Job design. Q. Discuss the purpose of organizational analysis and briefly describe the tools which could be used for organizational analysis and their effectiveness. Q. Identify different kinds of change which take place in organization and strategies which are used for change and their effectiveness. Discuss how resistance to change can be handled before implementing it. Give examples. Q. Discuss the process of institution building and the role of chief executive in institution building with an example. 1. Organization design-A process for improving the probability that an organization will be successful. More specifically, Organization Design is a formal, guided process for integrating the people, information and technology of an organization. It is used to match the form of the organization as closely as possible to the purpose(s) the organization seeks to achieve. Through the design process, organizations act to improve the probability that the collective efforts of members will be successful. Typically, design is approached as an internal change under the guidance of an external facilitator. Managers and members work together to define the needs of the organization then create systems to meet those needs most effectively. The facilitator assures that a systematic process is followed and encourages creative thinking. Hierarchical Systems Western organizations have been heavily influenced by the command and control structure of ancient military organizations, and by the turn of the century introduction of Scientific Management. Most organizations today are designed as a bureaucracy in which authority and responsibility are arranged in a hierarchy. Within the hierarchy rules, policies, and procedures are uniformly and impersonally applied to exert control over member behaviors. Activity is organized within sub-units (bureaus, or departments) in which people perform specialized functions such as manufacturing, sales, or accounting. People who perform similar tasks are clustered together. The same basic organizational form is assumed to be appropriate for any organization, be it a government, school, business, church, or fraternity. It is familiar, predictable, and rational. It is what comes immediately to mind when we discover that we really have to get organized! As familiar and rational as the functional hierarchy may be, there are distinct disadvantages to blindly applying the same form of organization to all purposeful groups. To understand the problem, begin by observing that different groups wish to achieve different outcomes. Second, observe that different groups have different members, and that each group possesses a different culture. These differences in desired outcomes, and in people, should alert us to the danger of assuming there is any single best way of organizing. To be complete, however, also observe that different groups will likely choose different methods through which they will achieve their purpose. Service groups will choose different methods than manufacturing groups, and both will choose different methods than groups whose purpose is primarily social. One structure cannot possibly fit all. , the form of organization must be matched to the purpose it seeks to achieve. The Design Process Organization design begins with the creation of a strategy — a set of decision guidelines by which members will choose appropriate actions. The strategy is derived from clear, concise statements of purpose, and vision, and from the organization’s basic philosophy. Strategy unifies the intent of the organization and focuses members toward actions designed to accomplish desired outcomes. The strategy encourages actions that support the purpose and discourages those that do not. Creating a strategy is planning, not organizing. To organize we must connect people with each other in meaningful and purposeful ways. Further, we must connect people with the information and technology necessary for them to be successful. Organization structure defines the formal relationships among people and specifies both their roles and their responsibilities. Administrative systems govern the organization through guidelines, procedures and policies. Information and technology define the process(es) through which members achieve outcomes. Each element must support each of the others and together they must support the organization’s purpose. Exercising Choice Organizations are an invention of man. They are contrived social systems through which groups seek to exert influence or achieve a stated purpose. People choose to organize when they recognize that by acting alone they are limited in their ability to achieve. We sense that by acting in concert we may overcome our individual limitations. When we organize we seek to direct, or pattern, the activities of a group of people toward a common outcome. How this pattern is designed and implemented greatly influences effectiveness. Patterns of activity that are complementary and interdependent are more likely to result in the achievement of intended outcomes. In contrast, activity patterns that are unrelated and independent are more likely to produce unpredictable, and often unintended results. The process of organization design matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, vision, and strategy of the organization. Structure is designed to enhance communication and information flow among people. Systems are designed to encourage individual responsibility and decision making. Technology is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources, tailored to the specific direction of the organization. 2. Job design refers to the way that a set of tasks, or an entire job, is organized. Job design helps to determine: †¢ What tasks are done? †¢ How the tasks are done, †¢ how many tasks are done, and †¢ in what order the tasks are done. It takes into account all factors which affect the work, and organizes the content and tasks so that the whole job is less likely to be a risk to the employee. Job design involves administrative areas such as: †¢ job rotation, †¢ job enlargement, †¢ task/machine pacing, †¢ work breaks, and †¢ Working hours. A well designed job will encourage a variety of good body positions, have reasonable strength requirements, require a reasonable amount of mental activity, and help foster feelings of achievement and self-esteem. 3. Organizational analysis may be done for different purposes. These include: 1) Enhancing the general understanding of the functioning of Organizations (i. e. educational or research purposes. ) (The direct beneficiary is the researcher or the analyst rather than the Organization). Such a study may aim at enhancing the understanding of human behaviour through a study of it in organisation, or to enhance the understanding of the society as reflected in organisational life. 2) Planning for growth and diversification An analysis or a diagostic study may be necessary for planning growth, diversification, expansion etc. Organisational analysis may reveal the strengths that could be used for growth and diversification, weak spots that need to be removed in the new plans, the precautions to be taken, structural dimensions to be kept in mind etc. Several insights may be provided on structure, people, systems, styles, technology etc. that have implications for growth. 3) Improving Organisational Effectiveness or Planning General Improvements Organisational Analysis may be used also for improving the general efficiency of an organisation. On the basis of a diagnosis made out of the analysis action steps could be initiated in terms of toning up administration, introducing new management systems and processes, reduction of wasteful expenditure, introduction of time savers, change of personnel policies to enhance employee motivation, restructuring of some parts, training, elimination of unwanted structures and teasers, improvements in general health of the organisation etc. 4) Organisational Problem Solving Whenever some subsystems departments, units etc.fall sick or start creating problems a diagnosis may be undertaken with a view to identify the source of the problem and take corrective action. A sick unit, a bottleneck, a communication block, a poor performing department, frequently occurring conflict between two departments, repeated failures of a management system or an organisational process, a frequent violation of an organisational norm, fall in discipline, reduction in output absenteeism, increase in conflicts e tc. can all lead to the need for an organisational diagnosis of a part of the organisatioin or the entire organisation. tools of organisational analysis Observation represents the careful and planned method of recording certain phenomena, objects, events in conjunction with a given situation. Constantinescu, etc. (2008) considers it necessary, within the organisation, to focus on observing the interaction between employees, in order to find answers to questions such as: What is the working pace of the employees slow, methodical, alert, spontaneous? What rituals do you notice in the enterprise? What are the values disseminated? Do the meetings generally provide revealing information? Who participates in these meetings? Who speaks? Whom do these people speak to? To what extent is sincerity situated in these meetings? How much time is devoted to different topics? The topics which often recur and which are discussed in depth frequently represent indications of the organisational culture values. Observations are used for gathering data on the symbols which are analyzed by the qualitative analysis methods. Observations include mostly behavioural material, but also semantic symbols. Observations of behavioural symbols include monitoring and recording the organizational rituals, such as, for example, the celebration of company day as a ritual of integration. There will also be careful attention focused on the state and architecture of the buildings, decor, billboards, staff dress code, behaviour and habits, working environment, the way in which everyone fulfils their role, employee behaviour in conflict situations. The analysis of these aspects allows knowing the reality, the working environment, both the organisation’s physical components and the emotional, psychological elements, harder to decipher at first glance. The opinion interview technique always involves oral information, having the advantage of flexibility, of the ability to get specific answers to each question. Along with the use of the questionnaire, it is one of the techniques most often used in qualitative research. The interview is, however, a complex technique that requires certain abilities and skills from the researcher, especially social, communication and self-reflection skills. The interview is used in the study of organisational culture to collect qualitative data about the cognitive elements of the culture, such as assumptions, values, norms and attitudes. Interviews may also serve to identify symbols, certain expressions, stories, anecdotes specific to the organisation. â€Å"To successfully use the interview in organisational culture research, it is important to determine the persons that will be interviewed, when, where and how the interview will be conducted, the set of questions that will be used and the method of recording it† (Janicijevic, 2011 , p 85). Interviews help us perceive the consistency between what the interviewees say and the facts recorded from other sources. † These perceptions are generally useful for:  · defining an updated vision of the history, the important events and its impact on the functioning of the organisation;

McLean vs Arkansas Essay -- Creationism Creation Science

Science is a word that carries with it many meanings - knowledge, truth, a process of examination. But when it comes to setting a clear definition of the term, difficulties arise. Certainly physics is science, and theology isn't. But many disciplines are less intuitively dichotomized, such as the fields of psychology, history, ethics, and many others. Are these sciences? And while it may at first seem like a rather irrelevant issue only for lexicographers and philosophers, in fact the distinction between what is science and what is not is of great importance to society - for in the formation of the public school curriculum, the distinction between science, which must be taught, and religion, which must not be, is essential to keeping education both factual, up-to-date, and constitutional. The 1982 court case McLean vs. Arkansas put in the public spotlight just how important drawing the distinction is. In what has become a landmark case in the creation/evolution legal debate, the Arkansas legislature passed without debate a bill mandating that the state redraw its science education standards so to include in the state's public high school curricula the body of ideas known as "creationism" - the notion that Earth and its inhabitant life forms were formed in the same forms as they are seen today - alongside evolution - the mainstream view of biologists holding that life developed and diversified gradually over millions of successive generations. The concept of creationism has a strong religious history and very deep religious overtones, and the constitutionality of teaching the subject in a public school immediately was questioned. Called to preside over the resulting legal case was U.S. District Judge William Overton. Thu... ...of testability is unclear and the incorporation of unobserved elements is not unique to creationism, so this in and of itself is not a reason to exclude it from a curriculum - and as previously mentioned Darwin considered the two models of creation and evolution on equal scientific grounds in his arguments. Instead, creationism fails on account of the evidence against it. So in the end, while Overton's attempt to determine essential characteristics of science does not stand up to philosophical scrutiny, his decision was correct: creationism is not part of modern science, and does not belong in the modern classroom. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton and Co.: New York, 1996. Kleppner, Daniel and Robert Kolenkow. An Introduction to Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, Inc: Boston, 1973. McLean v. Arkansas, US District Court. 1982.

Healthcare Law and Ethics

Healthcare Ethics Paper Brian Lucas HSC / 545 Healthcare Law and Ethics 1/16/2012 SHAWNA BUTLER Healthcare Ethics Paper My paper is on patient dumping which happens when a medical treatment facility may treat a patient initally for acute symptoms but then realizes the patient has no means to pay for the medical services rendered. In some cases back in the 1990's it was found that a patient was put into a cab and the cab driver paid to take the patient away and let out on a street corner somewhere in a city in the USA. Some stories have been told that patients only had on a hospital gown and diaper and dumped on the curb. Usually these patients are older population, may have dementia or are chronic alcoholics and are too sick to care for themselves. Of course this practice is illegal after Congress passed the â€Å"Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA), sometimes referred to as COBRA since it was part of the year’s Consolidated Omnibus Budget†. (http://www. nurseweek. com, Karen Markus, JD, RN, p 1. ) The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act is a law passed by Congress to protect the patients from the practice of patient dumping. The law states that every patient that seeks medical treatment care in medical treatment facility must be assessed or screened by a qualified medical professional for the presence of an emergency medical condition. The law also requires the medical tratment facility to run tests, to rule out an emergency medical condition, can be screened by a physcian, nurse practicioner, physcian assistant. The patient must not just be triaged, which is a process in which order of priority a patient is to be screened and treated, but must be assessed to whether the patient has any health or safety issue that will result in impairment of life or death. The law states that the patient must be stabilized before any kind of means to transfer may occur. Supporting documentation both from the physcian or medical doctor, nurse practioner, physcian assistant and nursing care staff must also accompany the patient prior to any transfer. The patient must be deemed stable with no health or life threatening condition occuring during transfer. ((http://www. nurseweek. com, Karen Markus, JD, RN, p 1. ) So why did hospitals and medical treatment facilities start the illegal practice of patient dumping? Hospitals were being burdened with the financial costs of treating patients who were uninsured or didn't have a means to pay for services rendered. Other factors were also researched and was just more than having financial means to pay. Social groups such as poor blacks and hispanic groups were also profiled to have the inability to pay for services rendered. Motivating factors for incentives to patient dump include â€Å"increasing number of uninsured, healthcare cost containment measures, the common law no-duty rule, and ineffective state statutory responses†. (_ZITO1. DOC, THOMAS A. GIONIS, pg. 1). Healthcare Ethics Paper Cost cutting measures though is the primary reason for patient dumping and with the common law no -duty rule, both hospitals and physcians have used this measure to decrease liability in servies rendered without the possibility of reemburishment. But in order to protect the patient from denial of care, it is required by law for hospitals and treatment facilities to be compliant within Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act Law. The patient must be determined to be medically stable before any kind of transfer is to be arranged. So how do the four major eithical principles apply to patient dumping? To answer this we need to look closer at the four major ethical principles and expand on each principle as it applies to our ethical problem. The four major ethical principles are: Autonomy – respecting self-determination of individuals and protecting those persons with diminished autonomy. 2. Benefice – giving highest priority to the welfare of persons and maximizing benefits to their health. 3. Non-maleficence – avoiding and preventing harm to persons or, at least, minimizing harm. . Justice – treating persons with fairness and equity and distributing benefits and burdens of health care as fairly as possible in society. With Autonomy being the first ethical prinicpal, the patient either must be able to understand and make decisions based on the information presented by the hospital for his or her own medical care. If the patient is not in a mental state to do that, then it must be det ermined either through a desginated assigned guardian legally, or through the state to determine the best interest for that patient. With Benefice, the law requires that the patient should be able to have diginity with respect to their own healthcare. They shouldn't be denied medical care based on their race, color, social economic group status and receive a fair treatment as other citizens receive within the laws established by the government. With Non-maleficence, safety is the number one priority here. The patient must be protected from being harmed or harming themselves or others during their medical treatment and care. With Justice, the patient must be treated in a fair and appropiate manner that is equal to the treatments of what other people in society would expect to receive. This would be equal and fair humane treatment. Healthcare Ethics Paper Still even today patient dumping is still happening. Illegal undocumented aliens who are in a condition of chronicle illness or injury are being shipped back to their home countries through the use of air ambulances. When they return to their home countries, it is known that those countires don't have the means or medical equipment to treat those patients and their mortality rate significantly increases. So is this practice an ethical issue. Yes because the avoidance of treating them is still the same issue as before by using the practice of patient dumping. This last year the President of the United States and Congress passed the Patient Protection and Affordability Act. This law still leaves out undocument illegal aliens not allowing them to receive medical treatment. The law is still continuing to evol and it is in the future that changes in the law will be changed to include medical care for these people. Wolpin, supra note 6, at 152–53. ) This paper goals is to provide more insight concerning ethical issues regarding patient dumping. It is the hope in the future that all patients regardless of economic social status, race and ethinic groups will receive fair and adequate humane medical treatments. As to allow patient dumping is a non ethical practice that should not be allowed to continue. References: www. wcl. american. edu/journal/lawrev/52/zito. pdf File Format: PDF/Ad obe Acro www. jblearning. com/samples/†¦ /4526X_CH14_235_250. pdf