Graduate Schools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Graduate Schools - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that graduate schools equip students to think with a high degree of open-mindedness. Graduates are not fixed in their thinking. They are open to debates and are quite flexible with respect to decision making. They are able to recognize and assess situations critically, make assumptions, implications and practical consequences of their actions. Accordingly, they act after assessing situations with sharp and open minds. This paper makes a conclusion that graduates also master great communication, human relations and communication skills. They go through intensive theoretical and practical learning that transforms them into useful assets in the society. They are relied upon to figure out solutions to complex problems at individual, group and societal levels. This is because the graduate schools have equipped them with knowledge and skills to solve such complex problems. Think tanks in virtually all fields of knowledge come from graduate schools. Whether in the field of medicine, technology, religion, humanities and social sciences, the leading brains are produced from the graduate schools. Strategic global thinkers with diversified knowledge and skills come from these graduate schools. From the foregoing, graduate schools play very significant roles towards the growth and development of the society. They contribute to research and development in economics, politics, social sciences, cultural aspects and religion. The society needs graduate schools to do research, enhance global competition and build a very vibrant economy

Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Marketing Strategy Essay 1. Social media advertisement such as Facebook and Twitter. Through this activity of creating advertisement, their business will be more visible to the public and will be known to the market. People would just hit share and likes, and a possibility to reach to the people who are in need of a dormitory. 2. Flyers and Print ads. Flyers will be given anywhere, like outside the school, crowded area, and offices, along the streets or in any event that the flyers could be distributed. Make sure that the flyers that will be distributed has the information that the consumer needs to know and noticeable to the market. They will post tarpaulins near schools, offices and on their designated target markets. So that people will notice and be aware of this area. 3. Commission based Referrals A form of payment to an agent for services rendered. 4. Word of Mouth Seeding a message or information to a lot of people. So that consumer has an idea were to go if they will find a Dormitory or they will refer it to someone. 5. Text Blast Forward text messages about the Dormitory of those in need and give information about the Dormitory. Action Plan 1. Product Improve services, like security guard. 2. Price Minimum of 2600, max 3500 (fixed price) Price must be affordable especially one of their target markets is students. 3. Place It has laundry area, cafeteria, rooms 4. Promotions Tarpaulin should be place near schools, terminals, along the streets. Flyers must have more specified information and must be given to students, offices, along the streets or crowded area.

Isolation in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay -- Essays Papers

Of Mice and Men Isolation John Steinbeck's novel Of Mice and Men contains the haunting theme of isolation that captures the "abused" little man of 1920’s America. Throughout the novel, it is shown that loneliness and isolation has a greater affect on us than may seem. Steinbeck's characters experience different forms of isolation based on the specific prejudice contained within themselves. This theme is shown in Crooks and his isolation due to his race, Candy due to his age, and Curley's wife due to her quality as "jail bait." Candy, characterized as an old swamper, is victimized into isolation as a result of two main factors: his basic disability and his age. Throughout the book we find the farmhands out bucking the barley while Candy is left behind to sweep and clean the ranch. We see the reason for isolation due to his lack of a hand which he lost after getting it caught in a piece of machinery. Candy's age also adds to his isolation. Because Candy himself thinks that he is useless he puts himself in a state of mind that handicaps him more than his missing hand ever. He looks down on himself as an old worthless man that's wasting away his last few years. Candy's character shows us that sometimes its not just other people that isolate us, but that in some cases it is also ourselves. The most evident case of loneliness throughout the book is Curley's wife. No matter how hard she tried, she couldn't find attention. In response to her reputation for being a flirt none...

The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Essay -- Glass Menagerie Ten

The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams -Joseph K. Davis, " Landscapes of the Dislocated Mind in Williams' 'The Glass Menagerie'," in Tennessee Williams: A Tribute Tom and his sister Laura is symbolically the actual glass menagerie, the play belongs to neither of them. The play belongs to their mother, Amanda, as substantiated by the above quote from Joseph K. Davis. Amanda indulges herself in memories of the past and refuses to accept the present. The play is also hers because it is her "tragedy". It is about how she behaves after her husband leaves her and her reaction when her son shows signs of doing the same. She also controls the two conflicts of the play, as well as the glass menagerie represents her fragile world of illusions and memories of the past. Amanda's control over the two conflicts of the play exists in the fact that she creates them. She supplies the conflict between herself and Tom as well as provides the conflict of having Laura marry. In the case of Tom she constantly nags him and questions where is he. Is going and then openly states her doubts of his truthfulness. Her nagging starts in the beginning of the play in her conversation with Tom, in which she tells him how to eat his food. Later she tells him how costliness of his smoking habit, " You smoke too much. A pack a day at fifteen cents a pack. How much would that amount to in a month? ". Later in the play she also manages to comment on Tom's appearance and how she wished he would take better care of himself in that respect. She also accuses Tom of lying about where he is going at night. When he says that he is at the movies she states that he could not possibly be going to the movies every night, " Nobody goes to the .. ...longer a Southern Belle just standing around waiting for rich men to come by and propose. By her speaking like a Southern Belle, she is connected her to the world she creates of illusions and the one for show. The connections are achieved by the fact that in the past she was Southern Belle with many rich suitors vying for her hand in marriage. This is also an illusion because she is no longer a Southern Belle but tries to maintain that front. It is also this connection to her illusions of the past that combines the proof that this is her play. She is the one who creates the world she lives in to protect herself from the tragedy of her husband leaving her. She is also the one who causes the conflict of the play out of her illusions of the past and therefore she is the person who dramatizes the tragedy of not living honestly and fully in the present.

Importance of Life

Lofe is imprtantBecause it is your one chance to do anything. You can use The meaning of life is to take care of our planet. To be hard working and serve God. To help out in fixing communities – that's what life is about; you should not live only for fun but help others enjoy life too. A humanist would say we each make our own meaning by the way we live. The meaning is whatever meaning/purpose you care to assign to it†¦ or none at all. If you have a religion, you could find meaning there; a particular philosophy, ditto. If you're a nihilist, you might conclude that there is no meaning at all.To understand the meaning of life we have to turn to the source, or creator. If you believe in such things, God. If he put us here, it was for a purpose. So He may be the only one able to provide us with the answer. Some people will acknowledge that everything we need to know about the purpose of life and about God himself is found in one book, the Bible. If you believe in the Bible, the meaning of life is in God's inspired words: â€Å"If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow me.For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me will save it. † Luke 9:23. Ecclesiastes 12:13 â€Å"Fear God and obey His commandments for this is the whole duty of man. â€Å"The irony in life these days is that, in order to find it's meaning, you merely have to Google it. To tell you the truth, I don't think anyone knows the true meaning of life. People say that the only way to know the true meaning of life is to live a full life with many near death experiences, then God tells you an instant after you have died.If you have a complex enough mind, and when God wants us to know, he will tell someone after they die and let that person be revived to tell the rest of the human race. If that never happens then we will just have to live life with many questions and as best we can. That's what God wa nts us to do. That's one way to look at it. The meaning of life is to utilize our main driving force, curiosity, without which none of us would even exist. Discover and find out new things. Space travel, for example, will lead to great new discoveries – including life near and far from us.The meaning of life is that we exist, that we are products of a force called creation, and that we should all support and affiliate with that force in every one of it's manifestations. The difference between life and the inanimate is that life has consciousness. The Serenity Prayer: God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, courage to change the things I can, and wisdom to know the difference. Any Christian should know the purpose of life is simple: to serve God. Any Christian who doesn't know this needs to build up their relationship with God; He'll show you all you need to know.You're born, you breed, you die. Therefore the only meaning is to keep the species alive, all the other stuff is just to make it interesting. No one really knows the answer to this. Philosophers and religionists have been debating it for thousands of years. Life's meaning is what it means to you! What do you value in your life? Everyone has there own meaning and there own perception of life. Britannica says it's the sequence of physical and mental you body and go to amazing places and see amazing things.Life is a once in a lifetime thing so if you don't enjoy it then you will have wasted the most brilliant thing on earth. Dictionary. com states the meaning of life is: â€Å"The property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli or adaptation to the environment originating from within the organism. â€Å"I believe it's the beauty of God's creation. The meaning of life is to make life meaningful.

The Indian Luxury Hotel Industry Industry Analysis Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Indian Luxury Hotel Industry Industry Analysis Tourism Essay Essay Example The Indian Luxury Hotel Industry Industry Analysis Tourism Essay Essay The Indian Luxury Hotel Industry Industry Analysis Tourism Essay Essay The Indian Hotel Industry has been divided into seven classs by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India based on the installations and characteristics offered in the hotels. Of these the luxury section has been defined as dwelling chiefly of Five Star and Five Star Deluxe hotels, providing to the elect category of the society. It offers high quality service at a important premium over the other types of hotels. Its mark market section is normally concern executives and upmarket foreign and domestic tourers ( Indian Ministry of Tourism, n.d. ) . There is a important convergence between the luxury sector and the heritage hotel section as a figure of the larger heritage hotels like the Oberoi Udai Vilas and the Taj Palace in Udaipur are classified as luxury hotels though they besides belong to the heritage class. For the intent of this survey, such big heritage hotels have besides been included in the Indian Luxury Hotels sector. Current Tendencies The net one-year gross revenues for the luxury hotels industry amounted to about Rs. 5060 crore for the twelvemonth 2011-12. This represented a more or less changeless Year-on-Year growing of 12.47 % for the ten old ages between FY 2001-02 and FY 2011-12 ( Indian Ministry of Tourism, n.d. ) . Not merely do the fiscal figures show the important size of this industry, but the overall efficiency of this industry is rather high excessively every bit is evidenced from the growing in runing net incomes over the same clip period. For the industry, this growing has been a dramatic 24.15 % Year-on-Year ( Indian Ministry of Tourism, n.d. ) . The industry has mostly been isolated from the planetary economic lag even though lifting rising prices degrees have meant increased operating expense costs for luxury hotels which could still ensue in lower borders over the coming old ages. Till now nevertheless, this has been mostly offset by the big inflow of foreign tourers attracted by the diminished Indian rupee. Besides the economic meltdown has meant that the domestic travellers have decided to call off their trips abroad and go more extensively within the state itself ( Narayana, 2011 ) . Hotel invitees from ASEAN Countries have increased 17 % over the last twelvemonth. This may be attributed to the recent proliferation of South-East Asian air hoses like AirAsia, Tiger Airways and Silk Air, which have made travel to India more accessible to the public at that place ( Narayana, 2011 ) . The manpower use ratio for the luxury hotel industry has been lifting steadily and presently stands at around 2.71 employees for every available hotel room. Not merely are these figures good above the overall industry norm of 2.01 employees for every hotel room, but they are among the highest on the planetary graduated table as good ( FHRAI, 2012 ) . These high values are attributed to Indian hotel proprietors be givening to overspec their offerings and can present a important cost hazard as a lifting rising prices rate increases the labour costs. There is besides a current inclination in the luxury sector towards the acceptance of green enterprises, which have resulted in a bead of approximately 3.3 % in energy costs as per centum of hotel gross ( FHRAI, 2012 ) . Such eco-friendly enterprises besides improve the marketability for these belongingss. Indian luxury hotels have mostly been speedy to follow the latest technological tendencies. This is evidenced presently through two aspects. First, Indian luxury hotels have jumped on the societal media marketing bandwagon and have benefitted vastly from its strong range at about no cost. These hotels have even managed to develop a connect with the non-elite, aspirational subdivision of the society through the usage of their Facebook and Twitter pages which a spring a sub-rosa expression at the day-to-day workings of many of these belongingss ( Abraham, 2012 ) . Second, the rise of the Internet has besides made logistics a batch easier for these hotels to pull off. Online engagements coupled recognition card and net banking minutess and an extended usage of client databases have made it easier for hotels to supply no fuss quality service that can now be customized to each traveller s single demands ( FHRAI, 2012 ) . Major Players The major participants in this section are limited to big private ironss and franchisees or joint ventures of big international ironss who have decided to come in India in order to take advantage of its growing rate. The participants in the former class include The Indian Hotels Company Ltd. ( known to the common public as Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces ) , EHI Ltd. ( Oberoi group ) , ITC Hotels, Leela Group of Hotels and The Lalit Hotels, Palaces and Resorts. The international hotelkeepers who have a presence in the Indian luxury hotel sector include JW Marriot, Starwood, MGF Emmar, Radisson group and Shangri La among others. Competition The luxury hotel industry faces direct competition from a figure of beginnings, which can include: Mid-segment hotels that are looking to scale up their offerings. They pose a important menace because if these hotels can raise their service quality to someplace near the same degree as that provided by the luxury hotels, their cheaper monetary values will guarantee that many of the upper in-between category population who may hold been draw a bead oning to travel up the ladder to the luxury section no longer experience the necessity to make so. It will to boot be hard for the luxury ironss to conflict them on monetary values since they have their trade name image and the promise of a five-star experience to keep. In the long tally though, the iconic stature of these hotels should guarantee that client demand for their service neer dries up. A more important menace comes from industries offering alternate travel experiences. These would include houses offering trips on luxury yachts or high-end adventure touristry like campaign and mountain climbing. These are particularly attractive to the nouveau rich, a important part of who favor Entertainment over Pampering ( Barsky, 2011 ) . With regard to the domestic travellers, competition besides comes from the international luxury hotel and resort ironss, which themselves have good established trade name names and statures. Location on the Tangibility Spectrum The luxury hotel industry can be placed approximately on the right side of the tangibleness spectrum as it is an industry whose chief offering ( i.e. adjustment ) every bit good as assorted auxiliary experiential services ( i.e. watering place, speculation, etc. ) are intangible, though there are some touchable elements that complement these, such as dining, room and wash services ( Appendix 1 ) . Looking at these, this survey besides places the luxury hotel industry on the convergence between Peoples Processing and Mental Processing quarter-circles of the Tangibility Matrix. This once more implies that it luxury hotels provides a mix of both intangible and touchable benefits for their clients ( Appendix 2 ) . Service Offers Customer Expectations of Service in This Industry The behaviour of consumers in a cordial reception industry is rather heterogenous and can non be measured easy. The behaviours and outlooks of the consumer alteration as they travel more, derive more cognition to go more confident. Consumers are more discerning of touristry purchase, irrespective of what they pay, and holding high outlook of quality ( Abraham, 2012 ) . A Consumer visits hotel for a basic ground to acquire adjustment which is his demand ; nevertheless he expects polite staff, good atmosphere, and attentive service and so on. If such outlooks are non met within timeframe, client may go forth the hotel even if the basic demand is being fulfilled. The client outlook of service in an Indian luxury hotel may be evaluated in footings of following offerings ( Narayana, 2011 ) Unique Oriental Experience From the culinary art to the decor and staff civilization, personalized services to every little item, everything must be fussed over because the clients come in anticipating a alone experience directly from the Orient. Highest Standards of Luxury Highest criterions in every facet of cordial reception, carry throughing the kernel of Treat me like an esteemed invitee and Keep your promises . These are supplemented by touchable facets like Deluxe and Premier Rooms, Premium Suites, best Watering place and nines with a alone oriental subject, private and semi-private pools, fleets of Mercedes and BMWs, etc. Cordial reception from the Heart The staff must travel the excess stat mi to make an unerasable memory in the bosom of the invitee and construct a relationship that is strengthened with every visit. They know their invitees good in progress, their birthdays, gustatory sensation and penchants. A fully fledged path is made for the invitees as per their penchants. They have low Room to staff ratio. Suites have their ain private pantrymans. Possible Levels of Customer Expectations ( Ref Exhibit 1 ) The degree of outlook varies widely depending on mention point the client holds. The exhibit shows a continuum along which different services outlooks have been ordered from high to low. On the left are different types or degrees of outlooks from high to low. We give name to each of the outlook and seek to happen what it means in footings of that hotel. The importance of outlook as perceived by the client will measure the hotel s public presentation. Bundle of Benefits Typically Received By Customers Some services are consumed efficaciously in concurrence with other services. When clients find value in a bundle of services that are interrelated, monetary value bundling is a good scheme. The effectivity of the bundling depends on how good the hotel understands the packages of value that clients perceive and on complementarity of demand for these services. Some bundled bundles are Pilgrim Packages, Leisure Travel Packages, Corporate Packages, and Wine Tasting Packages. Besides there may be assorted offers like complementary suites, Loyalty card: based on stay in figure of yearss, Itinerary based holidaies, honeymoon bundles. Typical Service Performance of Firms in This Industry The service public presentation of houses can be measured utilizing GAPS theoretical account with SERVQUAL as instrument. We took deepness interview and assessed the five dimensions of service quality to determine the degree of service and determine which dimensions need betterments. Random sample of 10 clients was selected and inquiries were asked based on five point ( 1 to 5 ) Likert graduated table elaborating all 22 variables of SERVQUAL dimensions. When we tested the consequences it was found that the installations experienced were lower than expected in many instances. We asked the clients 17 inquiries to look into their degree of outlook and perceptual experience. ( Ref Exhibit 4 for complete analysis of SERVQUAL dimensions ) Tangibility Under the Tangibility dimension, Staff visual aspect got the highest Accumulative norm evaluation of 5 both for perceptual experience and outlook. The overall norm evaluation for the Tangibility was positive with perceptual experience was more than the outlook. The ground for client satisfaction is the glorious substructure, the palatial physique of the hotel and professional hotel staff. Dependability When we looked into the dependability, the norm evaluation for operating hours, handiness of suites, external environment were the highest with evaluation 5. The least evaluation was for on clip bringing of service with mean 4.2. The service quality of dependability was rated at mean -0.023. So overall perceived evaluation for the dimension was somewhat less than expected significance outlooks have non been met to the full. This was due to few of the clients were dissatisfied with timely bringing of service. Responsiveness When we looked at the reactivity dimension, the highest norm evaluation was for the outlook of quality of nutrient and drinks with 4.9 but perceptual experience did non met the outlook. Some of the clients preferring local gustatory sensations were non satisfied. The salutation and sole welcoming of the invitees was highest in perceptual experience with evaluation 5. Overall service quality was rated at 0.054 with perceptual experience better than the outlook. Assurance For confidence the highest outlook was 4.9 for security and for perceived the highest was for staff trustiness with evaluation 5. The lowest norm evaluation was for value for money and some for hotel ambiance where few of the clients sometime acquire disturbed with the noise outside their room seemingly from hotel staff. Overall the perceptual experience exceeded the outlook by 0.122. Empathy When we analyzed Empathy it was found that for both the perceptual experience and outlook the evaluation was highest with 4.9 for handiness of the staff. The least was for the flexibleness of the staff. The perceptual experiences did non run into the outlooks to the full and had a negative difference of -0.027. Overall Service quality dimensions based on the SERVQUAL ( Ref Exhibit 5 ) When we analyze the service public presentation on all the dimensions of the SERVQUAL, we find that clients outlooks are met for Tangibility, Responsiveness and Assurance but non for Reliability and Empathy dimensions. We can besides mention the graph of Expectation and perceptual experience ( Ref Exhibit 6 ) . Service Quality Dimensions A ; Their Relative Importance Service quality is one of the most of import factors impacting the client satisfaction and heightening the public presentation of the concern. The service quality is being analyzed based on the ServQual Model ( Ref Exhibit 2 ) . Service quality is the difference between the Perceptions and Expectations where outlooks measures what is anticipated ideally and perceptual experiences means existent public presentation. Satisfaction measures the spread between the perceptual experience and outlooks, S = P Tocopherol The ServQual theoretical account examines five dimensions of service quality Dependability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy and Tangibility. All five service quality dimensions can be applied to tauten in this industry. But the order of importance differs from a normal class with Tangibility being most of import being followed by Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy. ( Ref Exhibit 3 ) Customer s Engagement in the Service Delivery Customers play an of import function in the service bringing and many a times are co-creator of the service. They besides contribute to the quality of service offered. The features of the service concern where clients are engaged in legion and varied activities to increase the importance of compatibility direction is most suited for hotel concern. This is due to the fact that when service installation supports varied activities all traveling on at the same clip, the activities themselves may non be compatible. Luxury hotels normally attract maximally homogenous groups of clients through careful placement and cleavage schemes. The upscale travelers are the primary mark section for such hotels and clients self-select into the hotels. Even in such contexts, struggle may originate ; e.g. hotel is hosting a concern convention, a NBA squad and single leisure travelers. As the clients often interact in the procedure of service bringing and ingestion, so the mix of clients at the same time s ing the service needs to pull off efficaciously. This can be done by grouping together compatible clients ; e.g. maintain meetings and conventions separate from countries of hotel used by single travellers. Service Blueprint A service design for a typical luxury hotel is included in Appendix 3. This is based on our visits to the Oberoi Udai Vilas and the Trident in Udaipur. Moments of Truths The minutes of truth are the critical client interactions with the hotel s staff or physical atmosphere which can do or interrupt his or her feeling of the service quality of the constitution. For the luxury hotel industry these include: Zeroth Moment of Truth: Is the existent hunt for the hotel and subsequent engagement online. Merely the practical embodiment of the hotel interacts with the invitee at this point of clip. First Moment of Truth: When the Guest interacts with the first hotel employee ( i.e. the driver ) and later arrives at the hotel. Second ( and subsequent ) Moments of Truth: This includes all the activities post the Check In, when he/she interacts with the hotel staff during the class of his/her ingestion of all the service offerings that the hotel has to offer. The thing to observe about the luxury hotel industry is that since it is so extremely dependent upon the perceptual experience that a client signifiers about the service quality of a peculiar constitution, any small error on the portion of the hotel risks the opportunity of reflecting ill on its overall service quality. Hence, every customer-staff or customer-ambiance interaction becomes an of import minute of truth all by itself. This is besides because the constitution is covering with clients who have the highest degrees of demand of any market section. Value in Blueprinting and its Advantages for a Service Marketer The luxury hotel industry can deduce a batch of value from Service Blueprinting of the sort that we have done for the class of this survey. This can include: Designation of the cardinal activities that go into presenting the sort of service that the extremely demanding invitees expect on a day-to-day footing from the hotel. For illustration, blueprinting will assist a service seller understand that the zeroth minute of truth is possibly the most of import for the hotel, since it allows a possible client to acquire information about hotel that can potentially change over him into a future invitee. Distinguishing between the seeable and unseeable ( frontstage/backstage ) staff and their comparative importance in presenting high quality service to the clients. Again, from the point of position of the service seller it is of import that equal importance be given to both the staff member who really pick up and present the baggage for a peculiar invitee every bit good as to the staff member who does the wing work of really transporting the baggage after its reaching from the airdrome. The acquisition is that if the wing nexus interruptions down at any phase of the service design, it will reflect ill on the client interaction on the frontstage. Blueprinting besides allows the industry to place phase where fail points may happen and extinguish them. For a service seller, the experiential facets of a luxury hotel s service ( i.e. its eating house, dark nine, watering place, gym etc. ) are offerings where in instance the preparation of the staff is non up to the grade or if the wing readying is non done decently, it can ensue in the clients traveling back with a negative position of the hotel s overall services. For a luxury hotel, as has already been mentioned, all facets of service are every bit critical because of the nature of the patronage. Therefore, riddance of fail points is indispensable and a design will assist a seller know where these be and acquire the people from operations to repair them. He/she can even fix for eventualities in instance preventative or disciplinary steps can non be applied right off. For illustration, if there might be a job with a suite that a peculiar invitee desires, he can counterbalance fo r that by supplying another room but with all the excess services that normally go bundled with their desired suite. Blueprinting besides allows a service seller to decently put up the support services and acquire the employees trained in managing those facets of client interaction that are most likely to impact their perceptual experience of service quality. Thus, for a luxury hotel, personal training and client interaction preparation for all degrees of staff will be recognized as indispensable by a service seller one time he sees the degree of forepart and back phase interaction that they are holding with the invitees to a hotel. From a selling position, a design will let the seller to cognize where the greatest strengths of the hotel lies so that he/she can play that up in any publicity or client communicating runs that he/she might be assisting the house tally. For illustration, if Udai Vilas recognizes the fact that its atmosphere is the chief point of attractive force and keeping for its bing clients, its service seller will play it up as a strength in future trade name communications with possible clients. Physical Evidence The servicescape includes the installation s exterior ( landscape, exterior design, signage, parking, environing environment ) and interior ( interior design and decor, equipment, signage, layout, air quality, temperature and atmosphere ) . Role of Servicescape in the Industry Servicescape plays a really of import function in the cordial reception sector as tangibleness or physical grounds is of extreme importance and is frequently the most seeable dimension of service quality. When clients visit any luxury hotel, they expect expansive service, nice decors and substructure, helpful and trained staff, etc. Many of the luxury hotels have superb architectural statement and occupy occupied authoritative edifices with antique trappings. The servicescape plays a really of import function in determining the service distinction, client outlooks, easing the clients and ends of the employees and therefore act uponing the nature of the client experiences. In luxury hotel industry the visitants interact with the physical environment more than the service agent. In fact a client experiences the servicescape before interacting with the service agent. Furthermore, this interaction is ubiquitous, i.e. throughout the invitee s stay at the hotel he will go on to interact wi th the physical facets of the hotel and therefore his perceptual experience of service quality will be greatly influenced by it. There are assorted physical components and environmental cues which help clients organize holistic image of the overall servicescape. The ocular cues include illuming, colour, personal artefacts and workss, infinite and map and design and layout. Three of the of import functions of servicescape are Cleavage It helps section the market as per the demand of the hotel. By keeping the grand-looking physical outside, luxury hotels frequently weed out those clients who they do non believe are in maintaining with the type of patronage that are their existent mark market. Targeting It help luxury hotel trade names attract chiseled market section. A show of luxury in the outside of a hotel signals its exclusivity in the eyes of the elect members of the society. Positioning The servicescape helps in the placement of hotel trade names by separating them from each other. Hence the unfastened verdant milieus of the Oberoi Udai Vilas in Udaipur set it apart from the more concern like environment of the Grand Hyatt in Mumbai, even though both are viing in the luxury hotel section. Hence, the former attracts travellers looking for luxury and relaxation while the latter attracts more senior executives from the industry ( Ref Exhibit 7 ) . Aspects of Servicescape Significantly Influencing Service Delivery The physical grounds significantly influences the flow of experiences for invitees at a luxury hotel. It can modify the significance that they attach to the service bringing, their satisfaction and their emotional connexion with the trade name. Hotels therefore, employ a figure of alone facets of servicescape that can positively act upon their service bringing. These include: Ambient Conditionss: The luxury hotel industry has amassed great expertness in the usage of background features of the environment such as temperature, illuming, music, aroma and colour to act upon the behaviours and perceptual experiences of its clients. Luxury trade names make it a point to hold clime control systems in all parts of the hotels so that the clients have a consistent experience and do non confront any physical uncomfortableness during their stay. They besides make usage of appropriate lighting and music at different locations to accommodate the tempers of the invitees. This could run from supplying comforting music inside lifts to the changing illuming employed in corridors to take a sense of sameness to them during a invitee s stay. Even the aroma and colour, particularly in the external milieus of the hotel provide a positive support to the invitees about the topographic point s service offerings. Spatial Layout and Functionality: Hotels besides make usage of spacial layouts so as to guarantee the most effectual bringing of services to its clients. This is the ground for holding anterooms with unfastened atria and a bank of lifts to guarantee that invitees do non hold to maintain waiting in the anteroom. Besides, many hotels have dedicated stepss and service lifts for its employees to guarantee their quick and efficient motion from topographic point to put throughout the hotel. Besides, the design of the hotels normally takes into history the common activities that the invitees are expected to set about. Hence, the gym and swimming pool are frequently placed together for fittingness partisans while the eating house, saloon and dark nine are kept together separate from the suites so that the invitees are non disturbed by the noise. Signs, Symbols, Artifacts: These are chiefly used by hotels in organizing a positive first feeling in the heads of the clients. These include the outer signage at the hotels, which are frequently done in luxuriant founts to mean the exclusivity of the topographic point. Besides, the prominence of the trade name logo and its usage at assorted topographic points in the hotel aid to reenforce the trade name exclusivity in the clients heads. Servicescape as a Beginning of Competitive Advantage Hotels can utilize their physical grounds as a beginning of competitory advantage in the undermentioned ways: By boxing the full corsage of service offerings within a consistent servicescape. This ensures that the invitees are able to set a touchable face to the service bringing offered by the house. This tangibleness besides helps the clients form the first feeling about a hotel and hence a brightly designed external facade can be the ocular metaphor for a high quality service offered by a house, which will pull possible clients to it. These physical groundss need non be external frontages though, for hotels, they can besides include website and travel booklet design because these are frequently the communications that the house has with possible clients. Hotels can utilize expeditiously designed servicescapes to ease the bringing of high quality service. As has been mentioned above a well-designed installation with separate service stepss and lifts for the speedy motion of hotel staff ensures an mistake free and prompt service bringing for the invitees. Hotels can besides utilize their servicescapes to work as socialisers so that it is easier for the invitees to mix amongst themselves. On the other manus, for the benefit of those invitees who wish to get away from it all and pass their holiday in privy luxury, hotel servicescapes can besides be designed in such a manner that such invitees are non disturbed by others. This can be achieved through supplying private bungalows or suites with built-in pools for such invitees. As has been mentioned above, hotels can utilize servicescapes as discriminators, particularly in positioning. However, they can besides them to foreground offerings that are alone to them. For illustration, a hotel with a assortment of eating houses to take from may plan its landscape in such a manner that it reflects the culinary art on offer at each peculiar 1. Besides, hotels with big dance halls can farther stress them by puting in expensive interior ornament. Wild Card: Customer Loyalty at Luxury Hotels: Attracting the Right Clientele Luxury hotels are faced with the job of client keeping non because of intense competition, though it still has some function to play, but majorly due to the fact that they cater to a comparatively smaller and extremely specific set of patronages that demand merely the highest quality of service and is surely non averse to traveling on to a rival s hotel if the services provided to them are non of their coveted service quality. Besides, with the branchings of the fiscal recession of 2008 still being felt in the industry, keeping has become an even bigger issue. It is no secret that pulling new clients is both excessively hard and excessively expensive as compared to retaining old 1s ( Viajayadurai, 2008 ) . However, for such hotels, the issue of client keeping acquires another alone facet: that of pulling and retaining a specific type of elect client. Such clients are necessary non merely because they are the lone 1s to possess the fiscal wherewithal to be able to afford the services being offered but more significantly because they positively affect the service quality dimension of Tangibility that other invitees experience at these hotels. In short, the presence of elect, comfortable invitees is indispensable for a luxury hotel because it makes other hotel invitees feel that they are being served by an sole constitution thereby breaking the latter s perceptual experience of the service quality being offered. Furthermore, elect invitees frequently have an amplified viva-voce consequence due to their superior societal standing and therefore holding them systematically visit you as a invitee provides for a big range of future concern for luxury hotels ( Alfred N.P, 2007 ) . For the intent of this survey, we conducted an analysis of the methods adopted by the Oberoi Udai Vilas in Udaipur in pulling and retaining the right patronage and the grounds and branchings of it making so. Identifying the Right Customer: The client profile targeted by Udai Vilas includes the features that one would tie in with comfortable clients Psychographics A Values Luxury, Grandeur, Hospitality and Comfort A Life manner Plush, excessive disbursement, high self-pride and societal acknowledgment Behavioral Profile A Consumption degree and state of affairs visit one topographic point one time ; reiterate visits really rare A Loyalty Do urge ifA satisfiedA A Occupation Business Executives, Directors and Entrepreneurs Marital Status Largely married, esp. , merely married Education Largely extremely educated, Graduates and Post GraduatesA Age 25+ Reaching the Right Customer: The Integrated Marketing Communication attempt of the hotel is aimed at a healthy mix of comfortable domestic and international invitees. Of the entire invitees geting in the hotel, 45 % are domestic and about 55 % are international travellers. As per ( Market Metrix, 2011 ) , luxury hotel invitees have had the fastest consumption of Internet and Social Media among all sections of travellers. The survey besides states that about 30 % of all luxury invitees are inspired to take a travel finish from friends recommendations and another 20 % hunt the web for vacation thoughts. Keeping these statistics in head, Udai Vilas has maintained a strong online presence through on-line travel and lifestyle magazines/portals the most important of which has been the usage of Travelzoo, which has over 25 million planetary endorsers and specializes in supplying information on different luxury services, i.e. non something that would be visited frequently by insouciant travellers. The hotel besides maintains both Facebook and Twitter pages that are updated on a regular basis and supply a platform for past and future clients to prosecute with the hotel disposal who are more than willing to turn to questions or even settle grudges. The hotel besides displays its TVCs on merely choice life style and travel channels during shows that concern and luxury travellers are more likely to be watching. The full attempt is targeted towards pulling the type of invitees that Udai Vilas wants. Attempts towards retaining the Right Customer: Udai Vilas recognizes that even the most flush invitees are strongly attracted by rewards/offerings though these should ideally be of a local assortment ( Market Metrix, 2011 ) and gaining them should affect a important fiscal investing. Thus, the hotel foremost has a trueness card, which is issued based upon a combination of the figure of yearss that a invitee corset and the figure installations that he enjoys during each stay. There is besides a Most Valuable Guest construct to pull high-spending repetition clients, in which their personal gustatory sensations and penchants are found out in progress and local nutrient points and keepsakes are later gifted upon reaching to carry through these penchants every bit best as possible. This besides has a surprise component that guests normally love. Repeling the Incorrect Customer: Equally of import as it is to pull and retain the right patronage, it is every bit of import for a luxury hotel to keep its image by driving the incorrect sort of clients from sing. The best method that such hotels employ to accomplish this is by puting a high monetary value for their assortment of services. Udai Vilas does this in its room monetary values. It has four classs of suites, all of gilded assortment. These include Premier Rooms , Premier Suites with Semi Private Pool , Luxury Suit with Private Pool and Kohinoor Suite with Private Pool . These scope from Rs. 20,000 per dark to over Rs. 75,000 per dark. These monetary values guarantee that the hotel merely attracts and retains the flush patronage that it needs to supplement its Tangibility dimension of service quality. Industry Section Strengths and Failings of the Industry Strengths Natural A ; Cultural Diversity of India India is one of the most diverse states in the universe and has many millenaries old cultural heritage. The geographics is unbelievable from snowcapped highest mountains in the universe to abandon of Rajasthan, from cheery beaches to endorse Waterss of Kerala, from coastlines to tropical woods, India is full of life. India has big figure of tourer finishs which gives cordial reception industry immense potency which is still untapped. Demand Supply Gap Indian hotel industry has a immense mismatch in supply and demand of hotel suites. This state of affairs has finally led to high room duties and tenancy in Indian luxury hotel section. Therefore taking to rapid enlargement of this industry. Large figure of luxury and quality hotels are now been opened to run into client demand. Besides the cost of work force for hotel industry is lowest in India ( Ref Exhibit 8 ) Government Support Government support is really influential driver in growing of any industry. The touristry has emerged as an of import industry and authorities is back uping touristry with several of its strategies and development undertakings. Government has approved has approved immense sum to develop substructure and new tourer circuits and finishs and besides in care of historic memorials. The Incredible India run by Department of Tourism ( DOT ) has been extremely successful portraying India as a tourer finish in non merely domestic market but international market every bit good. India A ; International market The portion of India in international cordial reception and touristry market has seen a dramatic rise over last few old ages and is expected to turn more. Indian luxury hotels are systematically ranked among the best in universe. Failings Poor province of Infrastructure The province of substructure is far below criterions in India in malice of many stairss been taken by the authorities. India made a entire investing of $ 20 billion whereas states like China made more than $ 150 billion. Besides the existent province and land monetary values in India are every bit high as 50 % of undertaking cost as against 15 % abroad ( Kanjilal, n/a ) . Political, Economic, Social A ; Legal troubles Political: The Indian political scenario and security menaces discourage international visitants in the state. Economic: The hapless economic conditions and deficiency of handiness installations besides adversely affects the touristry industry. Social: Many a times the societal agitations affect the touristry and cordial reception sectors. Legal: There is tremendous legal process and trouble in land acquisition in India. Current province of personal businesss and patterns Most of the hotels in India are overstaffed compared to other states. For Indian hotel companies staff to room ratio is 3:1, which is 1:1 for international hotelA companies. The figure of luxury hotel suites in India is far less when compared to any state around Earth. The Service revenue enhancement and luxury revenue enhancement on hotel adjustment increases the measure by 30 % in India which is far higher than other states ( Kanjilal, n/a ) . Opportunities in the Industry Untapped market with alone and diverse topography India has one of the most diverse topography in the universe, the Indian luxury and heritage hotels provide alone experience for experience seeking travellers. Hotel Industry has immense growing potency as India is a land of big figure of tourer finishs whether natural, historic or modern-day. Rising Income The income of India is lifting dramatically and more and more American indians are demanding luxury and experience, therefore heightening the leisure touristry in India. Open Sky Policy The Open sky policy has benefitted a batch to the luxury touristry in India. The addition in air hose activity has benefitted both domestic and international travellers but besides helped better the substructure. Different demand demands of Domestic A ; International travellers The demand between the international and domestic travellers can be managed easy due to difference in holiday seasons. For domestic travellers, the extremum season is summer months whereas for international travellers the extremum season is from October to March. Future Direction for the Industry The hotel industry faces great challenges in future due to the glooming planetary economic conditions and competition. Besides the nature of industry makes it worse as the services are perishable. The luxury hotel industry needs to accommodate to the altering demands of the clients from more of intangible facets than tangibles. The future belongs to the unreal intelligence engineerings and hotel industry besides needs to follow those. Few of them like automatic exchanging off the AC or lowering of blinds every bit shortly as the invitee leaves the room and things are back on path when they are back. The clip in front demands greater sensitiveness to nature. Besides understanding that client will ever be in focal point of this industry. We need to do certain to construct threading client trueness to acquire them back or distribute good words about the hotel. India is emerging as a prima finish for wellness touristry with its rich historic techniques like Yoga, speculation and Ayurveda which are really effectual and without any side consequence at the same clip. Advice to New Entrant in the Industry The Indian hotel industry is expected to turn at a CAGR of 15 % for following 5 old ages and there is big spread between demand and supply, which makes this industry really attractive. But before come ining into the luxury section, the company must be cognizant of challenges of the Indian market, they can non anticipate net incomes right after being operational but it has a long gestation period. Hotel needs to place itself unambiguously or distinguish itself to last in the luxury market as clients of this section seek experience and non monetary value. The international participants can travel for acquisition or strategic confederation to acquire feel of Indian market foremost, e.g. Leela-Kempinsky confederation, to cut down hazard and optimize resources. The hotel groups can aim lifting leisure A ; concern travel to tier 2 or 3 metropoliss such as Udaipur, Trivandrum, Kochi, Chandigarh etc. The focal point of luxury will ever be on client experience, so the luxury hotels should de velop niche sections like wildlife Lodges, watering place, ecotourism, and alone experience to retain clients and supply them value-added services. Appendixs Appendix 1: Position of Luxury Hotels on Tangibility Spectrum Luxury Hotels hypertext transfer protocol: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVEhu37lXSsaZLGMZSAIZzvX1z3bOhiWUf81T6uhQffpgUdaYkaptgq4Efxf-YKpOcGSWCUSKOHn0kqrubZMEQPN4e_MBJ2JLsjrO19zRFjKy3_LGTwCZnMiQEtM0ORf_t7aIdhqnDiZOf/s1600/MBA % 2Bproject % 2Btangibility % 2B % 2Bspectrum.jpg Appendix 2: Position of Luxury Hotels on Tangibility Spectrum Tangible Intangible Luxury Hotels Appendix 3: Service Blueprint for Luxury Hotel Industry Exhibits Exhibit 1: Possible Degrees of Customer Expectations Everyone says this hotel is every bit good as a castle ; I want to travel someplace really particular for my day of remembrance High Low Ideal Expectations or Desires Equally expensive as this hotel is, it ought to hold first-class nutrient and service Normative Should Expectations Most times this hotel is good but when tenancy additions, the service is slow Experience Based Norms I expect this hotel to function me in an equal mode Acceptable Expectations I expect awful service from this hotel but semen because the monetary value is low Minimum Tolerable Expectations Exhibit 2: Gaps theoretical account of service quality Exhibit 3: Relative Importance of Servqual Dimensions for Luxury Hotels Rank Dimension Variables 1 Tangibility Tangibility Attractiveness ( external ) Internal ornaments Staff visual aspect A ; tidiness Hotel installations 2 Dependability Timely adjustment Suites delivered to clients Facilities of suites Orders done by staff 3 Responsiveness Welcoming of clients Response for petitions, Giving information offering for service Speed of service 4 Assurance Staff experience and professionalism Staff niceness Price of service Effort done by staff for security Hotel ambiance ( unagitated and rather ) 5 Empathy Handiness Staff handiness Attention paid by staff Staff flexibleness Hotel prevision for client necessities Exhibit 4: Servqual- Expectation and Perception Likert Scale ( 1 to 5 ) 1 2 3 4 5 Below Expectation As Per Expectation Exceeds Expectation Average Rating for SERVQUAL dimensions and their variables Dimension Variables Tocopherol Phosphorus P-E Tangibility Hotel installations 4.0 4.1 0.1 Staff Appearance 4.7 5.0 0.3 Attraction 4.6 4.7 0.1 Internal Decorations 4.4 4.6 0.2 Dependability Facilities of suites 4.8 4.9 0.1 Timely Adjustment 4.9 4.5 -0.4 Orders done by staff 4.6 4.4 -0.2 Room delivered to clients 4.9 5.0 0.1 Responsiveness Respond to petitions 4.8 4.7 -0.1 Speed of service bringing 4.7 4.8 0.1 Information offering to clients 4.8 4.8 0 Exclusive Welcoming of clients 4.7 4.9 0.2 Assurance Monetary value 4.8 4.8 0 Hotel Atmosphere 4.6 5.0 0.4 Staff niceness 4.7 4.7 0 Security 4.9 5.0 0.1 Staff experience A ; professionalism 4.7 4.9 0.2 Empathy Staff Availability 4.9 4.9 0 Staff Flexibility 4.3 4.0 -0.3 Handiness 4.8 4.4 -0.4 Predicting client necessities 4.2 4.1 -0.1 Attention paid by staff 4.3 4.5 0.2 Accumulative Average Rating 0.30 Exhibit 5: Overall Service quality dimensions based on the SERVQUAL Dimensions Expectation Tocopherol Percept P P-E Tangibility 4.460 4.644 0.184 Dependability 4.799 4.776 -0.023 Responsiveness 4.817 4.869 0.052 Assurance 4.795 4.917 0.122 Empathy 4.430 4.403 -0.027 Accumulative Average evaluation 0.308 Exhibit 6: Comparison of Expectation and Perception Exhibit 7: Comparison of Servicescape of the Oberoi Udaivilas, Udaipur and the Grand Hyatt, Mumbai hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thegrandnewdelhi.com/pic/profile_hyatt_mumbai.jpg Grand Hyatt, Mumbai hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oberoihotels.com/images/gallery/oberoi_udaivilas/PG_UDA_018.jpg Oberoi Udaivilas, Udaipur Exhibit 8: Available hotel suites in India ( 2011 ) A Hotel classs A No. of Hotels A No. of Suites 5 star deluxe/5 star 165 43,965 4 Star 770 134 20 3 Star 505 30,100 2 Star 495 22,950 1 Star 260 10,900 Heritage 70 4,200 Uncategorized 7,078 Entire 8,707 1,32,885 Entire Demand Supply spread estimated = 150,000 suites ( India Business News, 2011 )

The Battle Of Brandywine essays

The Battle Of Brandywine essays The Battle of Brandywine: Part 1 of 10 The British... Many of the 15,000 British troops spent the night in Kennett Square population 2,000 unwinding and carousing, while a battle General Howe's flanking strategy was devised two days earlier: While General Knyphausen attacked at Chadd's Ford, as Washington expected, Cornwallis would stealthily move north, cross the Brandywine, and flank Washington's right. [Map and a fuller The Americans... By the night of September 10th, the American troops were extended along a six-mile line covering the east side of the Brandywine Creek. Washington knew that the British army would have to ford the Brandywine if they were to get to their target Philadelphia. He discounted the possibility of being flanked, assuming that Howe would rely upon his his greater troop strength and superior artillery to press a direct attack. Washington believed that the British would have to ford the ...

Learn About Orb Weaver Spiders, Family Araneidae

Learn About Orb Weaver Spiders, Family Araneidae When you think of a spider, you probably picture a big, round web with its resident spider poised in the center, waiting for a hapless fly to land in the webs sticky strands. With few exceptions, you would be thinking of an orb weaver spider of the family Araneidae. The orb weavers are one of the three largest spider groups. The Family Araneidae The family Araneidae is diverse; orb weavers vary in colors, sizes, and shapes. The webs of orb weavers consist of radial strands, like spokes of a wheel, and concentric circles. Most orb weavers build their webs vertically, attaching them to branches, stems, or manmade structures. Araneidae webs may be quite large, spanning several feet in width. All members of the family Araneidae possess eight similar eyes, arranged in two rows of four eyes each. Despite this, they have rather poor eyesight and rely on vibrations within the web to alert them to meals. Orb weavers have four to six spinnerets, from which they produce strands of silk. Many orb weavers are brightly colored and have hairy or spiny legs. Classification of Orb Weavers Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeFamily - Araneidae The Orb Weaver Diet Like all spiders, orb weavers are carnivores. They feed primarily on insects and other small organisms entrapped in their sticky webs. Some larger orb weavers may even consume hummingbirds or frogs they’ve successfully ensnared. The Orb Weaver Life Cycle Male orb weavers occupy most of their time with finding a mate. Most males are much smaller than females, and after mating may become her next meal. The female waits on or near her web, letting the males come to her. She lays eggs in clutches of several hundred, encased in a sac. In areas with cold winters, the female orb weaver will lay a large clutch in the fall and wrap it in thick silk. She will die when the first frost arrives, leaving her babies to hatch in the spring. Orb weavers live one to two years, on average. Special Orb Weaver Adaptations and Defenses The orb weavers web is a masterful creation, designed to ensnare meals efficiently. The spokes of the web are primarily non-sticky silk and serve as walkways for the spider to move about the web. The circular strands do the dirty work. Insects become stuck to these sticky threads on contact. Most orb weavers are nocturnal. During daylight hours, the spider may retreat to a nearby branch or leaf but will spin a trapline from the web. Any slight vibration of the web will travel down the trapline, alerting her to a potential catch. The orb weaver possesses venom, which she uses to immobilize her prey. When threatened by people or most anything larger than herself, an orb weavers first response is to flee. Rarely, if handled, will she bite; when she does, the bite is mild. Orb Weaver Range and Distribution Orb weaver spiders live throughout the world, with the exceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In North America, there are approximately 180 species of orb weavers. Worldwide, arachnologists describe over 3,500 species in the family Araneidae.

Final Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Companys letterhead Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Commodity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Explain a company's cost of capital and how it is calculated Essay

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Business Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy - Assignment Example Crystal Jade is listed as one of the top market performers and they still strive to maintain their position through laying various business strategies. Limited barriers to entry inform of patents and rights. Most of foods and beverages offered by Crystal Jade are not strictly regulated through patents and legal rights making it easier for other players to sell and offer similar goods and services. No technical skills required to start up a firm. Unlike in highly controlled industries such as law, engineering, and medical where technical skills is paramount no or limited technical ability is required to start and run a restaurant successfully Competitors are high in number and equally balanced in key areas of operation. Crystal Jade is face intense competition both locally and internationally. Key among its competitors include but not limited to Old Chang Kee, Sakae Sushi, KLG, Marrybrown Restaurant, Es Teler 77, and Hoka Hoka Bento. Crystal Jade has been enjoying political stability all its areas of operation. The company currently operates at least 121 outlets in approximately 9 different countries across Asia and in the United States all of which are political stabile. However being a multinational company Crystal Jade has to deal with varied public issues such as taxation policies, different trade and labour laws and regulations which may have direct impact on the operations of the business. For instance, The US operate different labour and tax laws compared to China and Singapore and such differences may be a significant challenge to the growth and expansion of business if they are not addressed effectively. It is quite plausible that Crystal Jade is operating its business in a number of the most flourishing economies in Asian region. Key global economic bodies such as World Bank and IMF have ranked China, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia as being among the fasted growing economies globally

McGregor's Theories and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in Relation to Essay

McGregor's Theories and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in Relation to Modern Marine Management Practices - Essay Example The role of managers can be interpreted as that of looking over or ensuring people work as expected. As a process, management aims at maintaining an environment where individuals can work together to meet the set targets (Koontz and Weihrich, 1990, p.4). A broader form of management gives different implications. One of these is that it assigns managers with the role of planning, organizing, staffing and leading. Secondly, management is not limited to specific groupings as it applies to any kind of organization. In addition to that, it applies to all managers regardless of the organizational level they are at. Also, the driving force behind every manager is to create surplus. Management also deals with productivity of an organization. Hence, emphasis is laid on effectiveness and efficiency.Also, the aim of organizational behavior is to help managers map out the organization’s future through a better understanding of human behavior (Hersey & Blanchard, 1996, p.80). Some of the k ey areas in management include problem solving, administration, human resource management and leadership of the organization. Organizations face challenges on a daily basis that affect its performance. Thus, it is the management’s responsibility to identify and analyze the problems then implement the necessary remedies. Administration, on the other hand, implies overseeing the implementation of the laid down procedures. Human resource management involves integration of human resource, analysis of workers and overseeing flow of ideas between an organization’s shareholders and its workers. Leadership looks into interpersonal relationship, personal integrity and management skills. Theories serve as perspectives which people use to get a better understanding of experiences that they face (Stoner et al. 1995, p. 31). These generalizations and principles give a framework that can be used to study a given area of knowledge. Several approaches have been given to management ana lysis. Thus, management theories have been formulated to explain and analyze the management process. Different conflicting views have been given and for this reason, some scholars refer to this situation as the ‘management theory jungle’ (Koontz, 1961: pp.174-188). Some of the theories that can be used to analyze management are McGregor theories and the Maslow hierarchy of needs. McGregor theories Douglas McGregor was an American social psychologist who came up with management ideas that he covered in his X-Y theory. This theory is commonly referred to in management and motivation. According to McGregor, there are two approaches to managing people (McGregor, 1985, p. 16). Many managers prefer to apply theory x which unfortunately gives poor results compared to theory y. a. Theory x Theory x is also known as the authoritarian management style. This management style is characterized by workers who dislike their work (Business Balls, 2012, p.1). These people have to be for ced to work with threats of punishment upon failure to meet organizational objectives. Also, such workers shy off from responsibility and prefer to be directed on what to do. Theory x managers are goal oriented and result driven. These managers are intolerant to epole that fail to meet deadlines. This leads them to act in aloofness and arrogance. These managers create a dictatorial environment where

Joseph Estrada and National Service Training Essay Example for Free

Joseph Estrada and National Service Training Essay Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level students. Its short title is National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. It was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines on December 19, 2001. It was subsequently approved by Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo last January 23, 2002. RA 9163 or the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 NSTP is a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by develop-ing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components. (RA 9163). Section 2 Rule 1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the NSTP Act states the role of the youth in nation-building. It says: 1.  In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation-building, the State shall promote civic consciousness among them and shall develop their physical, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate the ideals of patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs. 2. As the most valuable resource of the nation, they shall be motivated, trained, organized and involved in military, literacy, civic welfare programs and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation. ROTC is a program institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act 7077 designed to provide mili-tary training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness. (RA 9163). CWTS refers to programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the citizenry. (RA 9163). LTS is a ? program designed to train students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school chil-dren, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service. (RA 9163). NSTP Act states that all incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting School Year (SY) 2002-2003, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or associate courses, are re-quired to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice, as a graduation requirement. (RA9163 IRR). More-over, NSTP component chosen by the student shall be undertaken in two (2) terms and be credited for a 3-unit subject per term. Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a persons behavior and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations. Some common business values are fairness, innovation and community involvement. 2. The monetary worth of something in areas such as accounting, economics, marketing or mathematics. A value can be defined as your personal belief on a moral or ethical issue. For example, those who have strong family values believe that families should always eat meals together. Those who have strong Christian values find it important to attend church each sunday. Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through autodidacticism. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. The wealth of knowledge acquired by an individual after studying particular subject matters or experiencing life lessons that provide an understanding of something. Education requires instruction of some sort from an individual or composed literature. The most common forms of education result from years of schooling that incorporates studies of a variety of subjects.

Anti Federalist Arguments The Needed Balance

Anti Federalist Arguments The Needed Balance The year was 1787; delegates were convening at the State House in Philadelphia, the same location where the Declaration of Independence had been signed eleven years earlier.   There, 55 representatives came together for four months to frame a Constitution for a federal republic.   The reason for their convergence on Philadelphia was to revise the Articles of Confederation.   Since 1781 the Articles hindered the needed progress of the thirteen United States.   Rather than a united confederation, states were autonomous causing compromise and cooperation to be in short supply.   The Articles left most of the power with the state governments as a response to fears of re-creating a centralized power similar to Britain.   The burgeoning responsibilities of states were being impeded by several Articles, one being the lack of a revenue stream.   Under the Articles, Congress lacked authority to levy taxes.   It could request the states to contribute a share to the common treas ury, but the amounts gained through this mode of collection were not sufficient. To remedy this particular defect, Congress proposed an amendment that applied to the states for power to lay duties and secure the public debts. The amendment was agreed to by twelve out of thirteen states, with only Rhode Island refusing its consent, thereby defeating the proposal.   Articles 3 and 13 both required all thirteen states to agree in order to pass any legislation.   To overcome the necessity of thirteen states, early in the deliberations delegates voted that only nine states would be required to ratify the constitution.   This change made a difference to the process of ratification.   No longer could Rhode Island or any other state keep the whole from collective progress by one abstaining vote.   The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proceeded with men from every state but Rhode Island, as they deliberated over the necessary amendments to the Articles of Confederation the y all agreed that unfortunately, the Articles were not worth amending or saving.   Amid great secrecy they begin to write or â€Å"frame† a new constitution. As the delegates analyzed the Articles of Confederation, they noted many points that were to be part of the new document.   One was an executive branch; in affect the Articles disallowed an executive branch to enforce the laws, nor a national court system to interpret them. The question arose in 1689, a hundred years earlier, by social philosophers such as John Locke, who were arguing the need for an executive to have the power to enforce laws that are enacted by the people.   Under the Articles of Confederation in 1787, Congress was the sole organ of the national government without the ability to force the states to do anything against their will. Congress could in theory declare war and call for an army to be raised, but it could not force any state to provide its assigned quota for troops or arms or the equipment needed to support them. Due to their autonomy, the states were impervious to the threat of force or punishment, leaving Congress at a loss for the income needed to fi nance its activities.   Should a state or states not chose to participate Congress could not punish them for not contributing their share of the federal budget.    In relation to finance and monetary controls, the states controlled taxation and tariffs within their state, and each state could issue its own legal tender.   To this point, the states were more likened to European countries with disputes over borders, different currency and differing governments. Such significant differences caused disputes to arise between the states. Undoubtedly there were many unsettled quarrels over state boundaries and currency issues in regard to trade.   In the end, the only role that Congress could play was of mediator and judge without the force needed to require states to accept its decisions.    With so many contradictory Articles governing the country, a secure future seemed lost due to the many factors that would from past experience, never come together.  Ã‚   For the most part , the nations government, under the Articles of Confederation, seemed like a body without arms and legs.   From May to September 1787 a completely new and improved articles of confederation were written and called the Constitution.   The proposed Constitution was the tool that would presumably lay the foundation for future generations in governance of America.   The purpose and job of the Constitution was to correct the faulty Articles of Confederation and ensure greater central government strength and allow states to proceed as before with greater security and ability.   This was the hope but, the message was not received with the same understanding by the people.   Each state sized up its own unique situation and by calling their own ratification conventions, discussed the issues to determine if the proposed constitution would guarantee existing rights and benefit the state as a whole and not just portions of it.   After the work was completed the â€Å"framers came to an agreement on a final draft of the Constitution on September 17, 1787, after which they signed and prepare d to send it to the people for ratification. American people were now faced with a daunting task.   The whole of the nation had arrived at an important moment of their existence as a union.   Each state had matured at its own rate and grown into its geographical area by putting to use the natural resources each had to work with.   In doing so, they created and built an infrastructure and their own economic stability.   The American states were asked to enter into a federal covenant that would guide and by law regulate the countrys population in trade, commerce, security, and foreign relations. This question became Americas first political argument and one of the most important.   When the final draft was ready for public discourse and ratification not all thirteen states agreed with the entire document.   Smaller states found, what they believed were flaws that withdrew power from the individual states and gave it to the central government, which too many was against the American ideology of independence.   As a reaction to the many questions and concerns the American people were expressing a trio of men came together.   They were physically only 30 years old yet; they were indeed older through the acquisition of political experience, knowledge, and power.   For example, Alexander Hamilton served as a captain and as Washingtons aide-de-camp during the Revolution, he distinguished himself at the bar after victory, and by 1787 was already a prominent figure in the creation of the infant nation. The next man James Madison, by contrast, was more the pensive philosopher than the bold statesman. A lifelong student of philosophy, history, and law, particularly the law of nations, Madison would, despite his shyness, be a commanding presence and driving force at the constitutional convention.    However, it was John Jay who was the most experienced of all three by the time the Constitutional Convention was called. Aside from having served the fledgling republic as a masterful negotiator, a diplomat, and even, for a time, as its president, Jay was the only one to have had direct experience in Europe.   And so by 1787, all three gentlemen were indeed old with experience, well prepared to meet the challenges of the task at hand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taking the lead in pushing for ratification, in 1787 these three politicos decided that in order for the new Constitution to be ratified there would have to be a saturation of the issues at hand in the newspapers.   They, along with other men, wrote their arguments for the Constitution and came to be known as the Federalists.   In the same spirit as the Federalists emerged their counterparts, the anti-Federalists.   Both sides published statements, essays, and their opinions on why the proposed constitution should or should not be accepted and ratified. Each group of men was driven by their beliefs and together they fought for what they thought was important for their country.   The anti-Federalist later went by the name of Republican and the Democratic Republican, they spoke for many of the smaller states and their constituents, who had fought and sacrificed along with American forces for the victory over Britain.   They had foresight in their convictions which continue to serve the country today.   The Federalists were influential intellectuals who believed in the Constitution, and believed that it was the perfect model of government to achieve a just society.   Under the proposed Constitution, the American people could enjoy their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Generally, Federalists were wealthy citizens, highly educated professionals, who in most cases were lawyers and their supporters followed suit by being Propertied and educated people.   In their arguments for the provisions of the Constitution, Federalists stated that if the Constitution had sections or certain language that did not work, amendments could be made. Their arguments were decidedly their strongest weapon in their pursuit to educate the public.   Alexander Hamilton was first to publish the Federalists first argument for ratification of the Constitution.   His opening words grabbed his audience: AFTER an unequivocal experience of the inefficiency of the subsisting federal government, you are called upon to deliberate on a new Constitution for the United States of America. The subject speaks its own importance; comprehending in its consequences nothing less than the existence of the UNION, the safety and welfare of the parts of which it is composed, the fate of an empire in many respects the most interesting in the world. Hamilton had offered the perfect statement on the weight of the matter before them as a country, during this most august period of American history.   Of this there was no argument.   Yet, as the essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Madison, and John Jay began filtering throughout the states there came responses from their counterparts, the anti-Federalists.   They were somewhat less organized than the Federalists, not owing to any financial benefice and served to represent the strong opposition to the idea of states loss of power to a federal government.   The response given to the Federalists essays began with an author known as â€Å"A FEDERALIST†: I am pleased to see a spirit of inquiry burst the band of constraint upon the subject of the NEW PLAN for consolidating the governments of the United States, as recommended by the late Convention. If it is suitable to the GENIUS and HABITS of the citizens of these states, it will bear the strictest scrutiny. The PEOPLE are the grand inquest who have a RIGHT to judge of its merits. The hideous daemon of Aristocracy has hitherto had so much influence as to bar the channels of investigation, preclude the people from inquiry and extinguish every spark of liberal information of its qualities. Thus the war of words had commenced, a thought at that moment might have been, shall we as a public agree to the Constitution as written or shall we, for all future generations, dissect and analyze the document before placing our hand in agreement?   The American people read the essays, listened at town hall meetings, and fueled public dialogue to full head by complete dissemination of the issues at hand offered by both groups of authors.   Their writings were strong, psychological, emotional, and called to the heart of the population to come together for the benefit of the whole and not the one.   The anti-Federalists included some very impressive notables such as Patrick Henry, James Winthrop, Robert Yates, George Clinton, James Monroe, and Thomas Jefferson. Not all contributed to the essays.   Those who did, rather than using their own names, took their cue from the Federalists and used pseudonyms.   The anti-Federalist writers shared a considerably wider range of views. Common concerns were expressed by authors known as Brutus and A Federal Farmer.Robert Yates was known to be â€Å"Brutus† but, the identity of A Federal Farmer was never confirmed. One of the key points these two men made regarded the necessary and proper clause.   The Necessary and Proper Clause, also referred to as the Elastic, Basket, and the Sweeping Clause is the provision in Article One of the United States Constitution, section 8, clause 18: The Congress shall have Power To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. This clause gave Congress the power to make laws which were necessary to execute all powers vested in the Constitution. The anti-Federalists argued that the Constitution only had the power to do what it states it can, and that nothing should be presupposed by the government. In other words, the government should never use the necessary and proper clause as a blanket grant of power†.   Anti-Federalist were men who understood from their recent involvement with the Revolution that giving too much power to a national government could foster tyrannical desires for more power.   The aristocratic elite and moneyed men would govern for their own states and personal benefit without any concern for the smaller states needs.   Further, the anti-Federalist felt Americans had been given empty promises and after fighting for independence their own independence and ability to provide for their families would become extinct if the Constitution was ratified as it was written.   The prim ary fear was that while a republican government was desirable in order to defend liberty, it was not possible over a large geographic area, such as the United States, because it had never been accomplished before. The fall of the Roman Empire was an implosion, a reaction to inadequate governing of an area to vast to control. The other major pitfall of republics had been class war, something that the Founding Fathers had seen in the recent Shays Rebellion. From 1781 to 1787 there was much consternation within the borders of the United States.   From an extract of a letter from James Madison to George Washington, Feb. 3, 1788, we can read sentiments received from Boston from a member of the convention there: Never was there an assembly in this state in possession of greater ability and information than the present convention, yet I am in doubt whether they will approve the constitution. There are, unhappily, three parties opposed to it. First: All men who are in favor of paper money and tender laws. Those are more or less in every part of the state. Second: All the late insurgents and their abettors. In the three great western counties they are very numerous. We have in the convention eighteen or twenty who were actually in Shays army. Shays Rebellion was an example of the small farmers and independents who had their land and homes threatened to be taken from them.   An armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts, centering in Springfield from 1786 to 1787, Shays rebellion represented the poor compatriots farmers angered by what they felt to be crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtors prisons or the claiming of property by the County.   The leader of the Rebellion, Daniel Shays, was himself a veteran of the American Revolution who found himself engulfed in the issue and fought for a way out.    The rebellion was still fresh on the minds of many, causing the mood among the last states to ratify to be thick with opposition and strong sentiments against the contents of the constitution.   The last states to accept the proposed constitution were New York, North Carolina, Virginia, and Rhode Island.   New York presented the problem in its simplest form, the entire mass of interior counties, from Ulster to Columbia, were solidly anti-Federal, encompassing the agricultural portion of the state, the last arrived and settled, and the most thinly populated.   Governor George Clinton of New York wrote on one of the important issues among the anti-Federalists.   From the following extract of a letter from New York, July 20, 1788, George Clinton was quoted as saying, if they ratify the constitution, they must by heavy taxes support their government, which is now wholly done by the impost, etc.   This with the Mynheers is a weighty argument.   George Clinton went on to write, In Opposition to Destruction of States Rights, the following: The premises on which the new form of government is erected, declares a consolidation or union of all thirteen parts into one great whole, under the firm of the United States But whoever seriously considers the immense extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the United Statesthe dissimilitude of interests, morals, and politics in almost every one, will receive it as an intuitive truth, that a consolidated republican form of government therein, can never form a perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posteritythis unkindred legislature therefore, composed of interests opposite and dissimilar in nature, will in its exercise, emphatically be like a house divided against itself Clinton continued that from his prospective there were no promises that could be made secure â€Å"on the score of consolidation of the United States into one government.†Ã‚   Impracticability, risk, ambitious, and aggrandizement, oppression, intricate and perplexed became words to describe the proposed constitution.   Clinton ended by saying that the proposed constitution was â€Å"too mysterious for you to understand and observe; and by which you are to be conducted into a monarchy, either limited or despotic† Interpretation and understanding by the common man was an important factor for the anti-Federalist arguments against the Constitution.   Writing on states rights, Federalist No. 6 author stated, â€Å"A great danger exists in the competition between states themselves if they are left entirely to their own sovereignty, with no unifying government. Men are by their nature ambitious, and independent states will naturally compete with one another for love of power, control of commerce and domination of territory.† The response from anti-Federalist explained that a strong state government was better than a strong central government. To them if the central government was too strong then it would threaten the peoples liberties and right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.   What rights did the people have under the proposed Constitution?   This issue was the next mountain to cross towards ratification. Anti-Federalist Patrick Henry, who wrote Need for a Bill of Rights felt: this proposal of altering our federal government is of a most alarming nature!. You ought to be watchful, jealous of your liberty; for, instead of securing your rights, you may lose them forevera wrong step made now will plunge us into misery, and our republic will be lost, and tyranny must and will arise The argument over the Bill of Rights was arguably the most important issue for the ratification of the constitution.   Their necessity appeared to be of greater importance in order to calm the states.   Patrick Henry added these words in his observation of the matter, â€Å"We are told that all powers not given are reserved. I am sorry to bring forth hackneyed observations. But, Sir, important truths lose nothing of their validity or weight, by frequency of repetition.†Ã‚   Rather than infer the rights of the people, â€Å"all rights not expressly and unequivocally reserved to the people are impliedly and incidentally relinquished to rulers, as necessarily inseparable from the delegated powers if implication be allowed, you are ousted of those rights,† they would be declared.   This argument was one of the turning points for the final states ratification of the Constitution.   Henry continued his essay on the essential need for the bill of rights by explaining: Without a Bill of Rights, you will exhibit the most absurd thing to mankind that ever the world saw  ­ a government that has abandoned all its powers  ­ the powers of taxation, the sword, and the purse. You have disposed of them to Congress, without a Bill of Rights  ­ without check, limitation, or control You have Bill of Rights to defend against a state government, which is bereaved of all its power, and yet you have none against Congress, thought in full and exclusive possession of all power! The Bill of Rights was important to the American people and by promising to make amendments and provide a draft of a Bill of Rights the delegates began to revisit their stance toward acceptance of the proposed constitution.   The â€Å"Bill† was demanded by the anti-Federalists in New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island where the battle for ratification was not clear. In these states the voting was a lot closer than in the states that first decided to ratify. The Federalists however had strong opposition to a Bill of Rights. Robert Yates, writing under the pseudonym Brutus, articulated this view point in the Anti-Federalist No. 84, asserting that a government unrestrained by such a bill could easily devolve into tyranny. Other supporters of the Bill argued that a list of rights would not, should not, and could not be interpreted as exhaustive; these rights were examples of important rights people had, along with other rights as well. Many concerned with the final interpretation of the Bill of Rights were confident that the judiciary would construe these rights in a liberal fashion. Fortunately, the Ninth Amendment would clarify the matter by addressing the rights of the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.   The arguments were just getting started, representation was of extreme importance to the smaller states who felt their position and voices would be extinguished if their representation was not equal to the larger states, who by virtue of their size may attempt to dominate on issues against those states with less representation.   The fear was understandable.   The Deep South would go to war over such issues as representation.   Melancton Smith, a New York representative at the Convention, wrote his views on the issue of representation for the anti-Federalists stating: When we speak of representatives they resemble those they represent. They should be a true picture of the people, possess a knowledge of their circumstances and their wants, sympathize in all their distresses, and be disposed to seek their true interests. Smith believed that the â€Å"knowledge necessary† for the true representative of a free people should include a comprehension of: extensive political and commercial information, such as is acquired by men of refined education, who have leisure to attain to high degrees of improvement, but it should also comprehend that kind of acquaintance with the common concerns and occupations of the people, which men of the middling class of life are, in general, more competent to than those of a superior class. In order to represent a state, its inner structure must be understood.   The true commercial interests of a country are not the only requirement for representation but also, and most importantly, â€Å"a knowledge of the productions of your own country, and their value, what your soil is capable of producing, the nature of your manufactures, the capacity of the country to increase both.† In the area of laying taxes, duties, and exercises with discretion requires knowledge of the system of finance.   A representative should also know about the people of his country, their circumstances and a general understanding of their economic commerce and ability.   They should also understand, â€Å"how the burdens imposed will bear upon the different classes.†Ã‚   Representatives should be from all walks and levels, not just elite citizens but, those of the â€Å"middling class of life.†Ã‚   Smith, as well as others, had a real concern that most bodies of the government were composed of the first class in the community and by distinguishing them by class, it would appear that the government would fall into the hands of the â€Å"few and the great.†Ã‚   In order to relieve the delegates of unrelenting concern Smith offered the following insight on representation: This will be a government of oppressionA system of corruption is known to be the system of government in Europe it will be attempted among us. The most effectual as well as natural security against this is a strong democratic branch in the legislature, frequently chosen, including in it a number of the substantial, sensible, yeomanry of the country. Does the House of Representatives answer this description? I confess, to me they hardly wear the complexion of a democratic branch; they appear the mere shadow of representation. The anti-Federalists were important to the final outcome of the ratification process because they poised questions that made the American people stop and think about what they were agreeing to and what they may lose or gain as a consequence of the proposed Constitutions acceptance.   Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S., from his own beliefs regarding the ratification of the Constitution, feared it would grant too much power to the U.S. government.   Jefferson thought it should be up to the states to govern themselves with a â€Å"hands-off† approach and strictly limited interference of the national government.   The funny thing about Jefferson, figurehead of the anti-Federalists was for a long time he would not choose sides between the Federalists and the anti-Federalists, because of his anti-political party sentiment. He found both sides arguments compelling, he was for a strong central government, which was more of a Federalists view. But, the argument that brought Thomas Jefferson to the anti-Federalist side was Alexander Hamiltons implied powers.   Implied powers were powers which were not stated directly in the Constitution, in other words powers that were assumed by the government. Jefferson was totally against this, he believed that the Constitution could do the things which the Constitution states it can and nothing should be assumed, strict construction. This disagreement would become a great feud between Hamilton and Jefferson, evolving into the first real battle of political parties for election in office. It should be noted that there were conflicting personalities among the â€Å"framers† and their anti-Federalist opposition. When comparing and contrasting anti-Federalist views on the ratification of the United States Constitution with those of the Federalists, one must also consider the inherent relationship that represents their respective views upon principles, problems and solutions, ultimately surmising which side best reflects or departs from the original principles set forth for the Declaration. It can be argued that the two sides are quite contrary in their individual perceptions, with each faction believing its own views are of primary integrity.   One of the major beliefs of the Federalists as pointed out at the Philadelphia convention was that a state should vote according to its population. This later became another big issue with the anti-Federalists and people from the smaller states. By comparison of the elite Federalist camp, the anti-Federalists were made up of anyone who was poor and not a big landowner, anyone tired of being controlled, anyone who wanted the peoples votes to directly count and anyone who wanted to protect their rights. The anti-Federalists were made up of all different types of people, who represented the United States population as a whole, far better than did the Federalists. The anti-Federalists wanted their power in the legislature, mainly the lower house where every state has one vote; and the terms of office to be shorter, with limits on how many terms you could serve. These officials were not to be elected by representatives but directly by the vote of the people of the United States. Finally, the only way the anti-Federalists would ever consider helping to ratify the Constitution was if it contained a Bill of Rights, which was believed essential for preserving the individual liberties of the people. It was the consensus of anti-Feder alist everywhere that without this document the government could control every aspect of a persons life. To them the Constitution without the Bill of Rights was just a weapon of the elite upper class over the poor. Individualism was the strongest element of opposition; the necessity, or at least the desirability, of a bill of rights was almost universally felt, and the anti-Federalists were able to play on these feelings in the ratification convention in Massachusetts in 1788. By this stage, five of the states had ratified the Constitution with relative ease; the Massachusetts convention however, was hostile and argumentative. In the fight for ratification of the proposed United States Constitution between Federalists and anti-Federalists propaganda played a large role on both sides.   Patrick Henry even saw the constitution as a revolutionary document much like Americas separation from Britain, he said I need not take much pains to show, that the principles of this system, are extremely pernicious, impolitic, and dangerous. Here is a revolution as radical as that which separated us from Great Britain.Despite the fact the Federalists and the anti-Federalists had opposing views regarding the constitution; both were headed for a common goal of forming a government that could run the country. Many anti-Federalists believed that the Constitution, as drafted would open the way to tyranny by the central government.   States rights, the Bill of Rights, and represenation were all heated subjects during the ratification phase.   The Bill added a comfort zone for the states; they needed security from the fear that the federal government could control them under a tyranny. States felt they would retain their rights through the freedoms afforded through the Bill of Rights.   These freedoms include freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, the right to deny refuge to soldiers, the right to privacy from search, trial by jury, innocent until proven guilty, the right to representation and to a speedy trial, no cruel and unusual punishment, the right to always have rights, and the right for states to rule on things not mentioned in the Constitution. None of this was possible under British rule; power was transferred from the center to the people. If the Constitution was ratified without the Bill of Rights, the central government could parlay its strength denying people these basic rights. As states made their decision through their own ratification conventions the nine states needed for ratification began voting.   The first state that ratified the Constitution, although its convention was not the first to assemble, was Delaware, followed by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut.   Ratification of the Constitution was four states away